[
 {
  "qid": "Q80034",
  "title": "Armenian genocide",
  "label_judged": "genocide",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Armenian genocide",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Lead: 'around one million' Armenians murdered (uncited); infobox and body range 600,000 to 1.5 million (Morris & Ze'evi 2019).",
    "sections": 24,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8676,
    "sources": "344 sources: about 92% English-language academic books and articles (mainly US and UK presses), 7% French-language books, under 1% web pages of US organisations; no Turkish- or Armenian-language sources."
   },
   {
    "lang": "tr",
    "name": "Ermeni Kırımı ('Armenian Slaughter / Massacre'); lead also lists 1915 Olayları, Ermeni Tehciri and Ermeni Soykırımı",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "Lead: 600,000 to 1.5 million Armenian deaths, attributed to 'various researchers' and described as disputed; the body also carries Halaçoğlu's Ottoman-archive figure of 56,610 deaths.",
    "sections": 37,
    "english_equivalent_words": 11971,
    "sources": "249 sources: about 49% English-language, 42% Turkish (state archives, military, universities, Turkish outlets), 4% Armenian institutions and diaspora outlets, 2% French, 2% German, 1% other."
   },
   {
    "lang": "hy",
    "name": "Հայոց ցեղասպանություն (Hayots tseghaspanutyun, 'Armenian Genocide'), with Մեծ եղեռն (Mets Yeghern, 'Great Crime') as alternative",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "No lead or infobox figure recorded; commemorative and official texts quoted give 'about one and a half million', and the disputed-questions section reports a range from 200,000 to more than 2,000,000.",
    "sections": 47,
    "english_equivalent_words": 15065,
    "sources": "266 sources: about 49% English-language scholarship and media, 24% Armenian-language sources from Armenia, 14% armenian-genocide.org documents, 10% Russian-language, 1.5% German, 1.5% French, under 1% other; no Turkish-language sources."
   },
   {
    "lang": "ru",
    "name": "Геноцид армян ('Genocide of Armenians'); lead also gives Մեծ Եղեռն and Turkish 'Ermeni Kırımı'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Infobox: 600,000 to 2 million Armenians (uncited); body lists named estimates from 200,000 to over 2,000,000.",
    "sections": 34,
    "english_equivalent_words": 16094,
    "sources": "260 sources: about 56% English-language scholarly and reference works, 15% English recognition texts on Armenian institutional sites, 15% Russian academic works and media, 5% Russian-language Armenian outlets, 3% Russian translations of Western works, 1% Turkish, 4% other."
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Völkermord an den Armeniern ('genocide of the Armenians'); lead also gives Armenozid and Aghet",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Lead: between 300,000 and more than 1.5 million deaths depending on the estimate, with the 300,000 low end cited to Kamuran Gürün.",
    "sections": 50,
    "english_equivalent_words": 15212,
    "sources": "384 sources: about 61% German-language (including German Foreign Office files and Bundestag documents), 27% English-language, 8% Turkish, 3% French, 2% other."
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Génocide arménien, 'ou plus précisément le génocide des Arméniens'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Lead: about 1,200,000 Armenians, 'two thirds' of those then living on present-day Turkish territory (uncited); infobox 1.2 to 1.5 million.",
    "sections": 49,
    "english_equivalent_words": 12608,
    "sources": "338 sources: about 48% French-language (including Armenian-diaspora sites such as imprescriptible.fr), 43% English-language, 4% Hebrew, 1.5% Spanish, 1% Turkish, 3% other."
   },
   {
    "lang": "az",
    "name": "Erməni soyqırımı ('Armenian genocide'); lead also gives 'Ermənilərin köçürülməsi' (relocation of the Armenians) and 'Mets Yeğern'",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "Infobox: 1.5 million, marked 'mübahisəli' (disputed); body: about 1 million, range 600,000 to 1.5 million.",
    "sections": 25,
    "english_equivalent_words": 10328,
    "sources": "390 sources: about 84% short-form scholarly citations to English-language academic presses, 11% other English-language, 2% Armenian or diaspora outlets in English, under 1% each Azerbaijani state and press (all uncited in visible text), German, French, Turkish and Armenian."
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Azerbaijani edition's lead calls the Armenian genocide 'iddialar' (claims) and marks its 1.5 million toll 'disputed', yet its body, closely paralleling the English edition, states in its own voice that deportation 'was in effect equal to a death sentence' planned in advance by the authorities."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q192055",
  "title": "Nanjing Massacre",
  "label_judged": "massacre",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Nanjing Massacre, also 'the Rape of Nanjing'; infobox gives Japanese Nankin Daigyakusatsu and Nankin Jiken ('Nanjing Incident', 'name used in Japanese media')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 200,000 killed (IMTFE), with 'newer estimates' of 100,000-200,000; China's official 300,000 described as 'an overestimate' by modern historians",
    "sections": 61,
    "english_equivalent_words": 15356,
    "sources": "245 refs; about 86% English-language Western scholarship, press and eyewitness publications, 5% Japanese-language, 3% IMTFE/UNESCO records, 2.5% PRC state media in English, 2% Japanese outlets and government in English, 1% Chinese-language, 0.5% French"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ja",
    "name": "南京事件 (Nankin jiken, 'Nanjing Incident'); lead gives 南京大虐殺 and 南京虐殺事件 as alternatives and notes the proper name is debated",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "about 100,000 to 200,000 victims (edition's own estimate); China's official position of 300,000 given as a separate view",
    "sections": 70,
    "english_equivalent_words": 18493,
    "sources": "404 refs; about 79% Japanese-language sources by Japanese authors, publishers, government or media, 16% English-language/Western, 3% Japanese translations of foreign works, 2% Chinese-origin"
   },
   {
    "lang": "zh",
    "name": "南京大屠殺 / 南京大屠杀 ('Nanjing Great Slaughter'); lead gives Japanese 南京大虐殺; 南京事件 used only when reporting Japanese-side usage",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "200,000+ to 300,000 Chinese civilians and POWs killed, attributed jointly to the IMTFE and the Nanjing Military Tribunal; 300,000 described as a national symbol",
    "sections": 48,
    "english_equivalent_words": 11645,
    "sources": "218 refs; about 53% mainland Chinese-language (incl. ROC-era tribunal documents), 14% English-language Western, 12% Japanese-language, 10% Japanese authors in Chinese translation, 4% Taiwan, 3% Hong Kong, 3% Western authors in Chinese, 1% other overseas Chinese media"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ko",
    "name": "난징 대학살 ('Nanjing great massacre'); lead notes China's 난징 대도살 and Japan's 난징 사건 ('Nanjing Incident')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "about 200,000 Chinese massacred (lead, own voice, cited to the IMTFE judgment); body also gives 500,000-600,000 in own voice cited to Iris Chang, and says the IMTFE concluded 150,000",
    "sections": 29,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4847,
    "sources": "27 refs; about 44% one US book (Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking, 12 citations), 37% South Korean media (MBC documentary x4, KBS, Chosun/Daum, Yonhap, OhmyNews, Herald Business), 7% Japanese civic/publisher sites, 4% IMTFE judgment, 7% editorial notes with no external source"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Massaker von Nanking (lead uses plural 'Die Massaker von Nanking', body often singular); lead gives Chinese 南京大屠殺 and Japanese 南京大虐殺",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "over 200,000 civilians and POWs murdered (Tokyo Trial protocols), 'other estimates' over 300,000",
    "sections": 12,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2606,
    "sources": "39 refs; about 46% Western English-language scholarship and media, 21% German-language, 15% Chinese-origin, 13% Japanese-origin, 5% IMTFE records"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "massacre de Nankin; lead also gives 'sac de Nankin' and 'viol de Nankin'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "'hundreds of thousands' killed and 20,000-80,000 women and children raped (own voice); estimates section lists 200,000 (IMTFE), 300,000 (official Chinese), 40,000-200,000 (Japanese historians)",
    "sections": 61,
    "english_equivalent_words": 9667,
    "sources": "104 refs; about 36.5% United States, 27% Japan (incl. denialist works), 13.5% China/Taiwan/diaspora, 7.7% German primary source (Rabe diaries, English edition), 5.8% France, 4.8% Australia, 3.8% UK, 1% IMTFE"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Japanese edition, titled 'Nanjing Incident', puts the estimated victims at about 100,000 to 200,000 and treats 300,000 as only the Chinese government's official view, while the Chinese edition's lead gives 200,000+ to 300,000 on the authority of the Tokyo and Nanjing tribunals and calls 300,000 a symbol of China's suffering."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q165058",
  "title": "Holodomor",
  "label_judged": "genocide",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Holodomor (also \"the Ukrainian famine\"); glossed as \"death by hunger\" / \"killing by starvation\"",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "\"millions of Ukrainians\" (lead); 3.5 to 5 million per \"more recent scholarship\"; 7 to 10 million per the 2003 UN joint statement",
    "sections": 45,
    "english_equivalent_words": 14398,
    "sources": "319 refs: about 82% English-language, 10% Ukrainian, 3.5% Russian, 4.5% other"
   },
   {
    "lang": "uk",
    "name": "Голодомор (1932—1933); also «Голодомор-геноцид» (Holodomor-genocide)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "3–7 million victims in the Ukrainian SSR per demographers; infobox 2.6–10.5 million (unattributed)",
    "sections": 37,
    "english_equivalent_words": 11084,
    "sources": "216 refs: about 73% Ukrainian-origin, 12.5% Russian or Soviet, 10% Western and international, 4% Western broadcasters' Ukrainian or Russian services"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ru",
    "name": "Голодомор, a Ukrainian loanword the edition says is not always treated as a proper noun; often lower-case and alternated with 'the mass famine of 1932-1933 in the Ukrainian SSR'; map caption «т.н. голодомор» (so-called Holodomor)",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "3.5 to 5 million per demographers (lead and infobox); direct excess mortality 2.6 to 3.9 million",
    "sections": 32,
    "english_equivalent_words": 7650,
    "sources": "214 refs: about 45% Ukrainian, 15% Western scholarship, 14.5% international media, 8% post-Soviet Russian, 7% foreign government documents, 6.5% Soviet primary, 3.5% diaspora"
   },
   {
    "lang": "pl",
    "name": "Wielki głód na Ukrainie (Great Famine in Ukraine) / Hołodomor, glossed 'zamorzenie głodem' (killing by starvation)",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "\"from over 3 to 10 million\" victims in Ukraine per 'various sources' (uncited); infobox 3–12 million",
    "sections": 17,
    "english_equivalent_words": 3831,
    "sources": "65 refs: about 37% Polish, 25% English-language, 17% foreign authors in Polish translation, 17% Ukrainian, 3% Russian, 2% Hungarian"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Holodomor, glossed 'Tötung durch Hunger' (killing by hunger); also Hungersnot / Hungerkatastrophe and 'part of the famine in the Soviet Union in the 1930s'",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "an estimated ('schätzungsweise') 3 to 7 million deaths in the Ukrainian SSR, no source named",
    "sections": 31,
    "english_equivalent_words": 5000,
    "sources": "129 refs: about 53% German-language, 34% English-language, 6% Ukrainian, 4% Russian, 2% other"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "« le Holodomor », glossed « extermination par la faim »; also « une grande famine », « la famine ukrainienne »",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "between 2.6 and 7 million deaths per historians' estimates (lead); infobox renders « Entre 2,6 et de morts » with the upper figure missing",
    "sections": 47,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8874,
    "sources": "201 refs: about 39% French-language, 39% English-language, 8.5% Russian, 2% Ukrainian, 10.5% other European (mostly parliamentary recognition texts)"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Ukrainian edition declares in its own voice «Голодомор був геноцидом українського народу» (the Holodomor was a genocide of the Ukrainian people), while the Russian edition says there is no academic consensus on the genocide reading and that all Russian scholars reject it."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q134301",
  "title": "Katyn massacre",
  "label_judged": "Soviet massacre",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Katyn massacre (also 'the Katyn crime', 'the Katyn affair')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Nearly 22,000 executed (lead, uncited sentence); IPN lower limit of confirmed dead 21,768; infobox 21,857",
    "sections": 27,
    "english_equivalent_words": 9514,
    "sources": "165 refs: about 67% English-language Anglo-American or international, 13% Polish-language, 7% Polish-origin in English, 9% Russian-language, 3% Russian-origin in English, 1% French (estimate)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "pl",
    "name": "Zbrodnia katyńska ('the Katyn crime'); cover-up called 'kłamstwo katyńskie' ('the Katyn lie')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Almost 22,000 Polish citizens shot, including almost 15,000 officers (lead); infobox at least 21,768",
    "sections": 52,
    "english_equivalent_words": 13887,
    "sources": "253 refs: about 89% Polish-language (including translated Russian, US and German authors), 5% English, 4% Russian, 2% ECHR, under 1% German (estimate)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ru",
    "name": "Катынский расстрел ('the Katyn shooting'); lede also gives the Polish 'катынское преступление' ('the Katyn crime')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "21,857 Polish citizens shot in spring 1940 (lede; body attributes it to Shelepin's 1959 note)",
    "sections": 27,
    "english_equivalent_words": 10267,
    "sources": "158 refs: about 66% Russian-language Russian/Soviet sources, 11% Polish, 10% English-language, 4% Russian services of foreign broadcasters, 4% Ukrainian/Belarusian/Kazakh, 2% German, 1% ECHR, 1% French (estimate)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Massaker von Katyn (also 'Massenmord von Katyn', 'Massenerschießungen von Katyn'); the wider killings called 'Mordreihe' ('series of murders')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "About 4,400 shot in the Katyn forest itself (lead); 22,000 to 25,000 across the whole spring-1940 series",
    "sections": 37,
    "english_equivalent_words": 16730,
    "sources": "282 refs: about 61% German-language (Claudia Weber in about 84 notes), 36% English-language (Cienciala et al. in about 50 notes), 2.5% Polish, under 1% Russian (estimate)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Massacre de Katyń (also 'le crime de Katyń', 'l'affaire de Katyń')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "About 22,000 executed across the 1940 operation (lead, unattributed); first sentence says 'plusieurs milliers' in the Katyń forest; Katyń site 4,404 (uncited)",
    "sections": 41,
    "english_equivalent_words": 7118,
    "sources": "85 refs: about 73% French-language, 15% English-language, 6% Russian/Soviet, 3.5% German wartime primary sources, 1% Polish (estimate)"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Polish edition's infobox states the type of attack as 'ludobójstwo' (genocide) without qualification, while the Russian edition mentions genocide only as a version Russia's military prosecutors found 'не подтвердившейся' (unconfirmed), with en, de and fr attributing the label rather than asserting it."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q170334",
  "title": "Srebrenica massacre",
  "label_judged": "genocide",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Srebrenica massacre (lead adds \"also known as the Srebrenica genocide\")",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys killed (infobox: 8,372)",
    "sections": 83,
    "english_equivalent_words": 18684,
    "sources": "317 refs: international courts and UN 34%, US 16%, UK 13%, Bosnian 12%, Dutch 8%, other international 7%, Balkan regional English-language 5%, Serbian and Republika Srpska 4%, Norwegian 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "bs",
    "name": "Genocid u Srebrenici (\"Genocide in Srebrenica\"); also \"masakr u Srebrenici\" and \"srebrenički genocid\"",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "over 8,000 killed (infobox: 8,372)",
    "sections": 38,
    "english_equivalent_words": 5933,
    "sources": "51 refs: international courts and UN 35%, English-language media and books 31%, Bosnian 14%, Serbian media 8%, German/Austrian media 8%, Dutch court 2%, RFE Bosnian service 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "sr",
    "name": "Масакр у Сребреници (\"Massacre in Srebrenica\"); also \"злочин у Сребреници\"; says \"part of the public\" calls it \"геноцид у Сребреници\"",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "\"several thousand\" men, mostly prisoners of war (lead); infobox ranges from 4,970-6,000 to 7,000-8,000; 8,372 on the memorial stone introduced with \"наводно\" (\"allegedly\")",
    "sections": 76,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8212,
    "sources": "139 refs: Serbian and Republika Srpska 32%, Western English-language 27%, international courts and bodies 19%, Bosnian 15%, Western broadcasters' local-language services 5%, other 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "hr",
    "name": "Genocid u Srebrenici (\"Genocide in Srebrenica\"); also \"pokolj u Srebrenici\" (\"the slaughter in Srebrenica\")",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "at least 8372 Bosniak men and boys (lead, uncited)",
    "sections": 24,
    "english_equivalent_words": 6556,
    "sources": "33 refs: US media and Congress 24%, international bodies 21%, Bosnian 18%, Serbian-language 9%, other English-language international 9%, UK 6%, Balkan regional English-language 6%, Russian 3%, Croatian 3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Massaker von Srebrenica (\"Massacre of Srebrenica\"); opening also gives \"Völkermord von Srebrenica\"; infobox \"Massaker bzw. Völkermord\"",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 8000 Bosniaks murdered, mostly male (infobox: more than 7000 to over 8000)",
    "sections": 32,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8054,
    "sources": "167 refs: German-language press 43%, German-language scholarship 21% (Matthias Fink cited 29 times), English-language 18%, UN/ICTY and international bodies 11%, Dutch 5%, Bosnian 1%, French 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Génocide de Srebrenica (\"Srebrenica genocide\"); lead adds \"également appelé massacre de Srebrenica\"",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and children (8,372 per UN General Assembly and the memorial)",
    "sections": 32,
    "english_equivalent_words": 10622,
    "sources": "251 refs: French press and books 38%, international institutions (mostly French-language versions) 27%, English-language 26%, French state bodies 4%, other francophone press 3%, Bosnian/Croatian-language 2%, other governments 1%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Serbian edition's lead calls the killings a massacre of \"several thousand\" men, mostly prisoners of war, attributes the genocide label to \"part of the public\" and says the courts found Serbia \"in no way responsible\", while the Croatian edition's lead calls it genocide in its own voice, says \"at least 8372\" Bosniak men and boys were killed, and names \"the special Serbian military unit Scorpions\" among the killers."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q190029",
  "title": "Kosovo War",
  "label_judged": "expulsion of Albanians",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Kosovo War (lead also gives Albanian 'Lufta e Kosovës' and Serbian 'Kosovski rat'; the text also uses 'Kosovo conflict' and 'the NATO bombing campaign')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "1.2 to 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians displaced by Yugoslav and Serb forces (narrative voice, cited to Krieger 2001 and OSCE); NATO bombing caused 'at least 488 Yugoslav civilian deaths' (HRW, lead)",
    "sections": 47,
    "english_equivalent_words": 16436,
    "sources": "399 refs: English-language books and journals 44%, international organisations/tribunals/NGOs 17%, UK news 13%, US news 7%, US government 4%, Albanian/Kosovo 3%, Serbian 3%, other languages and misc 9%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "sq",
    "name": "Lufta e Kosovës ('the Kosovo War'); infobox uses 'Lufta në Kosovë' ('the War in Kosovo')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "1.2 to 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians displaced by Yugoslav forces (lead, stated as fact, uncited)",
    "sections": 42,
    "english_equivalent_words": 9912,
    "sources": "145 refs, nearly all English-language: UK 31%, US 30%, international organisations and NGOs 17%, other Western European 6%, Norway 5%, Serbia/Balkan 4%, Canada 3%, Albanian-language about 1% (one article)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "sr",
    "name": "Рат на Косову и Метохији ('War in Kosovo and Metohija'); province called Косово и Метохија / КиМ / Космет; infobox gives the cause as 'албански иредентизам' (Albanian irredentism)",
    "treatment": "rejected or denied",
    "headline_figure": "more than 13,500 killed or missing (lead, 'a list compiled after the war'); about 200,000 Serbs, Roma and other non-Albanians expelled after the war; NATO bombing killed 'several hundred' Yugoslav civilians (lead) or 1,200 to 5,700, 'most often about 2,500' (Serbian sources)",
    "sections": 36,
    "english_equivalent_words": 9538,
    "sources": "157 refs: Serbian-language or Serbian outlets 48%, English-language 39%, international bodies 4.5%, Norwegian 2.5%, German/Austrian 2%, Albanian/Kosovo 2%, French 1.3%, other 1.3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Kosovokrieg ('Kosovo war'), also 'Kosovo-Konflikt'; lead gives Albanian 'Lufta e Kosovës' and Serbian 'Kosovski sukob'; air campaign called Operation Allied Force, 'NATO-Militärintervention', 'Luftkrieg'",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "about 3,500 dead and about 10,000 injured from the bombing of Serbia (Tanjug, overview), set beside the Independent International Commission's close to 10,000 killed in the second phase, 'by far most' Kosovo Albanians killed by FRY forces",
    "sections": 66,
    "english_equivalent_words": 19153,
    "sources": "278 refs: German-language 45.7%, English-language (mainly US/UK) 39.6%, Serbian/Yugoslav 7.9%, international organisations 4%, French 1.8%, Balkan regional in English 0.7%, Bulgarian 0.4%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "guerre du Kosovo ('Kosovo war'); NATO campaign 'opération Force alliée'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "1.2 to 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians displaced by Yugoslav and Serbian forces (lead, own voice, uncited)",
    "sections": 24,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4146,
    "sources": "76 refs: French-language 54% (Le Monde diplomatique, Libération, Le Figaro and others), English-language 39.5%, Serbian-language 5.3%, Albanian-language 1.3%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "en, sq and fr state in their own voice that Yugoslav and Serb forces displaced 1.2 to 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians, while sr counts about 800,000 Albanians who fled during the NATO bombing with no statement that they were expelled, and the expulsion figure it gives is the roughly 200,000 Serbs, Roma and other non-Albanians who left after the war."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q15920546",
  "title": "2014 Russian annexation of Crimea",
  "label_judged": "annexation",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "2014 Russian annexation of Crimea; body also uses 'invasion' and 'occupation', and an 'Other names' section lists Ukrainian ('temporary occupation', 'fall of Crimea') and Russian ('accession', 'return', 'reunification of Crimea') names",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Infobox: 1 'self-defence forces' trooper killed; 2 civilian deaths during the protests plus 1 civilian killed by the self-defence forces (body text adds 2 deaths in the 18 March Simferopol incident)",
    "sections": 32,
    "english_equivalent_words": 15175,
    "sources": "508 refs. US English-language 22%, Russian-language (incl. Ukrainian outlets publishing in Russian) 17%, UK and pan-European English 16%, Ukraine-based English 12%, academic and other English 10%, Ukrainian-language 6%, international organisations and NGOs 5%, Russia-based English 4%, other European 4%, other 4%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ru",
    "name": "Аннексия Крыма Российской Федерацией ('Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation'); body also 'Захват Крыма Россией' ('Seizure of Crimea by Russia') and 'Крымская операция' ('the Crimean operation')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "6 killed on the peninsula, 23 February to 18 March 2014 (3 activists, 2 Ukrainian servicemen, 1 Russian irregular), in the body's 'Losses of the sides' section",
    "sections": 34,
    "english_equivalent_words": 16308,
    "sources": "410 refs. Western and other non-Russian/non-Ukrainian, mostly English 32%, Ukrainian 24%, Russian 22%, Russian- and Ukrainian-language services of Western broadcasters 15%, international organisations and NGOs 5%, German-language 1%, other under 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "uk",
    "name": "Анексія Криму (2014) ('Annexation of Crimea (2014)'); lead term 'Анексія Криму Росією' ('Annexation of Crimea by Russia'); also 'окупація Криму Росією' ('occupation of Crimea by Russia') and 'тимчасово окупована територія' ('temporarily occupied territory')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Infobox, Ukrainian side: 2 civilians and 2 servicemen killed, 2 servicemen wounded, 2 civilians missing; Russian-side loss given as '5 ships' (used to blockade Lake Donuzlav)",
    "sections": 32,
    "english_equivalent_words": 6033,
    "sources": "178 refs. Ukrainian media, government, courts and scholarship 69%, Russian and Soviet 10%, Western broadcasters' Ukrainian/Russian services 9%, other foreign media and reference works 8%, international bodies 2%, de facto Crimean authorities 1%, explanatory notes 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Annexion der Krim 2014 ('Annexation of Crimea 2014'); also Krimannexion / Krim-Annexion. Russian framings ('Wiedervereinigung', 'Beitritt') appear only inside quoted Russian statements, the referendum question or document titles",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Infobox: 1 mercenary (Russian side), 2 Ukrainian soldiers and 3 civilians killed",
    "sections": 76,
    "english_equivalent_words": 19123,
    "sources": "537 refs. German-language 44%, English-language 24%, international organisations and NGOs 15%, Russian 8%, Ukrainian 5%, other national 4%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Annexion de la Crimée par la Russie en 2014 ('Annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014'); the lead defines it as 'l'invasion de la péninsule de Crimée' plus its 'rattachement ultérieur à la Russie'; one heading uses 'Invasion militaire russe'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "No overall toll in the body; the unsourced infobox reads '3 mortsAucunes' for one side and '3 morts' for the other (garbled)",
    "sections": 37,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8407,
    "sources": "182 refs. French-language 36%, Ukrainian media and official 23%, US 13%, UK 13%, other national 6%, international organisations and pan-European 4%, Russian 3%, non-French academic journals 2%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Russian edition says in its own voice that most Crimeans wanted to join Russia, while the Ukrainian edition says the referendum turnout and results were 'completely falsified' and puts real turnout at only 30%."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q13220089",
  "title": "1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight",
  "label_judged": "expulsion",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (body also: 'the 1948 Palestinian exodus', placed inside 'the Nakba')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs expelled or fled, about half of Mandatory Palestine's Arab population (lead, article voice)",
    "sections": 34,
    "english_equivalent_words": 9208,
    "sources": "149 refs: Israeli authors and media 49%, US/UK/other Western 26%, Palestinian and Arab 13%, UN/UNRWA 9%, French-language 1%, Chinese media 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ar",
    "name": "تهجير الفلسطينيين 1948 ('the forced displacement of the Palestinians, 1948'); also النكبة (the Nakba); body alternates تهجير (displacement), طرد (expulsion), نزوح (flight)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled, about half of Palestine's Arab population (lead, article voice)",
    "sections": 36,
    "english_equivalent_words": 12067,
    "sources": "142 refs: Israeli authors, archives and media 39%, US/UK/European/other Western 32%, Palestinian and Arab 19% (about 6 in Arabic), UN/UNRWA 10%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "he",
    "name": "ערביי ארץ ישראל במלחמת העצמאות ('The Arabs of the Land of Israel in the War of Independence'); body: 'יציאת ערביי ארץ ישראל' ('the departure of the Arabs of the Land of Israel'); notes that Palestinians call it 'הנכבה'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "about 600,000 to 760,000 Arabs became refugees (attributed to Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars); the lead gives no number",
    "sections": 10,
    "english_equivalent_words": 1766,
    "sources": "12 notes, all Israeli authors: 11 Hebrew-language publications (10 of the 12 cite Benny Morris), 1 English-language (Nets-Zehngut, Podeh); no Palestinian or Arab historian cited"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Vertreibung und Flucht der Palästinenser 1948 ('Expulsion and flight of the Palestinians 1948'); lead also 'die Nakba', body often 'der palästinensische Exodus'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "more than 700,000 Palestinians expelled or fled (mehr als 700.000; lead, article voice)",
    "sections": 31,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8697,
    "sources": "135 refs: Israeli authors and outlets 36%, US/UK/other Western 35%, Palestinian and Arab 17%, UN/UNRWA 10%, French-language 1.5%; no German-language scholarship"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Exode palestinien de 1948 ('Palestinian exodus of 1948'); lead adds the Nakba, a term it credits to Constantin Zureik (August 1948)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "700,000 to 750,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were driven out, of 900,000 living in territory under Israeli control at war's end (cited to the UN Conciliation Commission 1951 and Morris)",
    "sections": 34,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4660,
    "sources": "94 refs, coded by language not origin: French-language 52% (incl. French translations of Morris and Pappé), English-language 46%, unsourced explanatory notes 2%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "Hebrew titles the subject 'The Arabs of the Land of Israel in the War of Independence' and keeps 'ethnic cleansing' out of its text, while English titles it '1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight' and says 'Scholars widely describe the event as ethnic cleansing, although some disagree'."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q1050999",
  "title": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
  "label_judged": "invasion",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus (phases: 'First Turkish invasion' / 'Second Turkish invasion'; Turkish name 'Second Peace Operation' given once, in quotation marks, for the second phase only)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "Around 150,000 displaced from the north (lead, uncited); approximately 36% of the island captured (lead), 37% (body), 36.2% (infobox, Fortna 2004)",
    "sections": 31,
    "english_equivalent_words": 13556,
    "sources": "181 refs: English-language academic books/journals and UK/US press 62%; international organisations and courts 12%; Republic of Cyprus/Greek Cypriot sources in English 7%; Greek-language 5%; US government 5%; Turkish/Turkish Cypriot sources in English 5%; Turkish-language 4%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "tr",
    "name": "Kıbrıs Harekâtı ('Cyprus Operation') as title; body and infobox mostly 'Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı' ('Cyprus Peace Operation'); code name 'Atilla Harekâtı'; phases 'Birinci harekât' / 'ikinci harekât' (first / second operation)",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "140,000 to 200,000 Greek Cypriots displaced from the north and 42,000 to 65,000 Turkish Cypriots from the south; 37% of the island under Turkish control (lead, Hoffmeister 2006)",
    "sections": 26,
    "english_equivalent_words": 8106,
    "sources": "127 refs: English-language academic and Anglo-American press 38%; Turkish or TRNC sources 36% (including all Birand, Artuç and Çakmak citations for casualties and operations); Greek or Greek Cypriot 12%; international organisations 9%; empty reference entries 5%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "el",
    "name": "Τουρκική εισβολή στην Κύπρο ('Turkish invasion of Cyprus'); lead opens 'Η παράνομη Τουρκική εισβολή' ('The illegal Turkish invasion'); also 'Επιχείρηση Αττίλας' (Operation Attila), phases «Αττίλας Ι» / «Αττίλας ΙΙ» and 'the first invasion' / 'the second invasion'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "36.2% of the island taken in Attila II; 120,000 Greek Cypriots displaced in Attila II plus about 150,000 refugees overall; about 3,000 Greek-speaking Cypriots killed (lead, mostly Cyprus MFA)",
    "sections": 75,
    "english_equivalent_words": 11626,
    "sources": "124 refs: other English-language academic and press, mostly US/UK 43%; Greek-language from Greece or Cyprus 33%; international organisations 9%; Greek/Greek Cypriot origin in English 7%; Turkish or Turkish Cypriot 6%; English Wikipedia 2% (Rel84, which carries most of the Attila II battle narrative)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Türkische Invasion Zyperns ('Turkish invasion of Cyprus'); also 'Operation Atilla'; reports the Turkish 'Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı' and calls that name propagandistic ('propagandistisch')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "162,000 Greek Cypriots expelled by the Turkish military (RoC embassy in Berlin), 120,000 'nach türkischen Angaben' (per Turkish figures); 1,500 disappeared; 37% of territory in the occupied north",
    "sections": 5,
    "english_equivalent_words": 1112,
    "sources": "17 refs: German 29%; English-language academic or reference 24%; Turkish (Çakmak; Turkish MFA twice) 18%; international bodies (UNSC, ECHR) 18%; Cypriot (RoC embassy, Committee on Missing Persons) 12%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Invasion turque de Chypre ('Turkish invasion of Cyprus'); code names 'opération Attila' and 'opération paix pour Chypre'; 'intervention' used for Turkey's framing and occasionally in the edition's own voice ('la Turquie intervient militairement')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "38% of Cypriot territory occupied (lead and body, uncited; infobox 36.2%); nearly 210,000 Greek refugees displaced south (CIA World Factbook)",
    "sections": 11,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2615,
    "sources": "29 refs: Greek and Greek Cypriot 34%; English-language, mainly US/UK 28%; French-language 24%; Turkish (Artuç, Çakmak) 7%; United Nations 7%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Greek edition opens with 'Η παράνομη Τουρκική εισβολή' ('the illegal Turkish invasion') in its own voice, while the Turkish edition is titled 'Kıbrıs Harekâtı' ('Cyprus Operation'), never uses invasion or occupation in its own voice, and attributes 'occupation' to the UN and the Council of Europe."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q48249",
  "title": "Falklands War",
  "label_judged": "invasion",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Falklands War (gives 'Guerra de las Malvinas' in parentheses in the opening sentence)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "649 Argentine military, 255 British military and 3 Falkland Islanders killed (lead, uncited; body cites Argentine law 24.950 for 649 and the Roll of Honour for 255)",
    "sections": 66,
    "english_equivalent_words": 15832,
    "sources": "305 refs: United Kingdom 73%, Spanish-language (mainly Argentine) 10%, United States 9%, other English-language international 8%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "es",
    "name": "Guerra de las Malvinas, o conflicto del Atlántico sur (the landing is 'Operación Rosario' and, mostly, the 'recuperación' of the islands)",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "649 Argentine military, 255 British military and 3 islander civilians killed (lead, uncited); the body's only marker for this is a BBC article on torture, not a casualty source",
    "sections": 49,
    "english_equivalent_words": 7586,
    "sources": "192 refs: Argentina 64% (Yofre 2011 alone is 62 of 192), UK and other English-language 15%, Spain 8%, other Latin America 6%, United States 5%, international 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Falklandkrieg (also 'Malwinenkrieg'; islands 'Falklandinseln (auch Malwinen)')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "'etwa 900 Tote' (about 900 dead) in the lead, uncited; body gives 253 British and 655 Argentine, the losses table 258 and 649, unreconciled",
    "sections": 71,
    "english_equivalent_words": 24507,
    "sources": "310 refs: British 62%, explanatory notes with no source 21%, German-language originals 6%, US and other international 5%, German translation of a British work 3.5%, Argentine or Spanish-language 3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "guerre des Malouines (also 'guerre de l'Atlantique Sud', with the English and Spanish names in the opening sentence)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "907 killed: 649 Argentine military, 258 British military and 3 islanders (lead, uncited); the Human losses section gives 255 British (Le Figaro)",
    "sections": 45,
    "english_equivalent_words": 10551,
    "sources": "61 refs: French-language 54%, British 21%, US 5%, UN documents 5%, Argentina 5%, Spain 3%, Peru 2%, South Africa 2%, unattributed author-date 3%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "Spanish Wikipedia calls the 1982 landing the Argentine 'recuperación' (recovery) of the islands in its own voice, while English, German and French all state as fact that Argentina invaded ('Argentina invaded', 'Annexion', 'd'envahir')."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q1413732",
  "title": "Kashmir conflict",
  "label_judged": "occupation",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Kashmir conflict (also \"Kashmir dispute\", \"Kashmir issue\"; \"a territorial conflict over the Kashmir region\")",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "43,460 killed in 21 years of insurgency (J&K government, 2011 data), set beside rival tolls of over 50,000 (HRW, 1989-2006), 70,000+ (JKCCS) and 80,000 (Hurriyat)",
    "sections": 53,
    "english_equivalent_words": 20806,
    "sources": "592 refs: 64.1% UK/US/international; 23% Indian; 5.1% Kashmir-based (Indian-administered); 4.7% Pakistani (mainly Dawn); 2% Middle East; 0.8% Urdu Kashmiri memoir; 0.3% other"
   },
   {
    "lang": "hi",
    "name": "कश्मीर विवाद (Kashmir vivad, 'Kashmir dispute'); the 1947-48 war is 'कश्मीर युद्ध' / 'प्रथम कश्मीर युद्ध'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "\"more than about 7 lakh\" (700,000+) Kashmiri Pandits displaced by terrorism, and \"thousands\" killed, in the article's voice with no citation",
    "sections": 10,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2366,
    "sources": "13 refs: 46% English-language US/UK/European academic and reference works; 15% BBC Hindi; 15% Hindi Indian press (Dainik Jagran, Punjab Kesari); 8% English Indian book; 8% The Diplomat; 8% empty entry"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ur",
    "name": "مسئلہ کشمیر ('the Kashmir issue/problem'); once تنازع کشمیر ('the Kashmir dispute'); the region is مقبوضہ کشمیر ('occupied Kashmir') in the first sentence",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "20,000 to 100,000 Muslims massacred by Hindu Dogra state forces in eastern Jammu, 1947 (own voice, then attributed to Yusuf Saraf)",
    "sections": 4,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2364,
    "sources": "18 refs: 61% English UK/US/Australian academic or press; 17% English Indian authors or journal; 11% Urdu (Nawa-i-Waqt, Aatish-e-Chinar); 6% English Pakistani publisher (Saraf); 6% UN document"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Kaschmir-Konflikt ('Kashmir conflict'), defined as a \"Territorialkonflikt\" (territorial conflict); body also spells 'Kashmir-Konflikt'",
    "treatment": "not addressed",
    "headline_figure": "42,624 dead in Indian-controlled J&K, 1989-2009 (14,537 civilians, 5,916 police and military, 22,171 'Terroristen'), table not explicitly tied to a citation",
    "sections": 24,
    "english_equivalent_words": 3700,
    "sources": "82 refs: 40% German-language (Germany, NZZ, ORF); 18% US; 16% Indian; 13% UK; 7% other or unclear; 4% UN; 1% Pakistani (Dawn)"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Conflit du Cachemire ('Conflict of Kashmir'); infobox 'Conflit au Cachemire' ('Conflict in Kashmir')",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "\"plus d'un millier de militaires des deux camps\" (more than a thousand soldiers from both sides) killed at Kargil 1999, uncited",
    "sections": 21,
    "english_equivalent_words": 1736,
    "sources": "5 refs: 40% German (Deutsche Welle, English-language); 40% French (Le Monde diplomatique, Arte); 20% Amnesty International"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Hindi edition calls Pakistan-held Kashmir \"the area under Pakistan's illegal occupation\" in its own voice, while the Urdu edition's first sentence calls the disputed region \"occupied Kashmir\" contested with \"Kashmiri freedom fighters\", so the two editions of the most directly involved languages assign the occupier role to opposite states."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q713540",
  "title": "Comfort women",
  "label_judged": "sexual slavery",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Comfort women (glossed as a translation of the Japanese euphemism ianfu, 慰安婦); also \"comfort women system\", \"comfort stations\"",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "20,000-200,000 (\"most historians\", lead, cited to the Asian Women's Fund); the lead also says \"tens or even hundreds of thousands\" in article voice",
    "sections": 42,
    "english_equivalent_words": 15815,
    "sources": "344 refs: US outlets and publishers 42.4%, Japan 17.7%, UK 9.6%, South Korea 9.3%, Australia/NZ 3.5%, China/HK 3.2%, Taiwan 2.6%, Philippines 2.6%, others under 2% each; 26 of 344 (7.6%) non-English"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ja",
    "name": "慰安婦 (ianfu, \"comfort women\"); also 日本軍慰安婦 and 慰安婦問題; discusses 従軍慰安婦 and 日本軍性奴隷 (\"Japanese military sexual slaves\") as alternative names",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "20,000 to 410,000 (researchers' estimates as summarised by the Asian Women's Fund; no comprehensive source)",
    "sections": 91,
    "english_equivalent_words": 13607,
    "sources": "304 refs: Japanese-language/Japanese publishers 58.1%, international/Western mostly English 26.1%, South Korean 14.2%, other (Chinese, Taiwanese, Philippine) 1.7%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ko",
    "name": "위안부 (wianbu); official Korean name 일본군 '위안부', legal term 일본군 위안부 피해자 (\"victims\"); calls the women 성노예 (\"sex slaves\") in its own voice",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "about 200,000 (Yoshimi Yoshiaki's calculation method; no citation marker; the only total given)",
    "sections": 48,
    "english_equivalent_words": 9244,
    "sources": "91 refs: Korean-language 83.5%, Japanese 14.3%, US English-language press 2.2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "zh",
    "name": "慰安妇 / 慰安婦 (wei'an fu); system 慰安妇制度, sites 慰安所, which the System section also calls 軍隊控制下之強姦中心 (\"rape centres under military control\")",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "数十万, \"several hundred thousand\" women in East Asia (article's own voice, uncited); \"some historians\" put all nationalities at 400,000 or more",
    "sections": 23,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4450,
    "sources": "99 refs: mainland China 28.3%, United States 27.3%, other English-language international/academic 16.2%, Taiwan 8.1%, Japan 8.1%, South Korea 4.0%, Philippines 4.0%, HK/Macau 3.0%, Germany 1.0%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Trostfrauen (\"comfort women\"), flagged in the first sentence as a euphemism; practice called Zwangsprostitution (forced prostitution), facilities Kriegsbordelle (war brothels)",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "20,000 to 200,000 (\"Aktuellen Schätzungen zufolge\", current estimates); the lead also says about 40% came from Japan, contradicted by its own Victims section",
    "sections": 22,
    "english_equivalent_words": 5780,
    "sources": "105 refs (classified by language only): English 58%, German 34%, Japanese 7%, Korean 1%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Korean edition says in its own voice that the comfort women \"put bluntly, were sex slaves\" (성노예였다), while the Japanese edition defines them as women \"made to engage in prostitution\" and reports sexual slavery only as a definition others sometimes use (定義されることもある)."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q488662",
  "title": "Sea of Japan naming dispute",
  "label_judged": "colonial origin of the name",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Sea of Japan naming dispute (sea called \"Sea of Japan\"; \"East Sea/Sea of Japan\" in UN and IHO passages)",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "Uncited map-survey summary table: Japan-surveyed 3,530 maps (1,959 Sea of Japan, 20 East Sea) against Korea-surveyed 762 maps (122 Sea of Japan, 440 East Sea)",
    "sections": 15,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4094,
    "sources": "60 refs: Japan 31.7%, South Korea 20%, international bodies 18.3%, United States 15%, Russia 5%, China 5%, Vietnam 3.3%, Philippines 1.7%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ja",
    "name": "日本海呼称問題 ('Sea of Japan naming problem'); sea called 日本海, and 東海 is always 'what the Korean side claims'",
    "treatment": "rejected or denied",
    "headline_figure": "Share of world maps using the dual label 'Sea of Japan/East Sea' rose from 3% in 1999 to 30% in 2012, presented as the result of VANK-backed campaigning (JoongAng Ilbo, Rja17)",
    "sections": 58,
    "english_equivalent_words": 5661,
    "sources": "108 refs: Japan 56.5%, South Korea 24.1% (mostly Japanese-language editions), United States 8.3%, international/other 3.7%, notes without external source 2.8%, North Korea 1.9%, China 1.9%, Russia 0.9%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ko",
    "name": "동해의 이름에 대한 논쟁 ('Dispute over the name of the East Sea'); sea called 동해 (East Sea) in running text",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "Dual naming by world mapmakers rose from 2.8% (2000) to 18.1% (2005) to 23.8% (2007), the edition's own synthesis of Japanese and Korean surveys; the claims table also gives Japanese MOFA's 95% Sea of Japan share",
    "sections": 19,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2105,
    "sources": "26 refs: South Korea 73%, Japan 19%, mixed Korean and Japanese 4%, unsourced note 4%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "zh",
    "name": "日本海命名爭議 ('Sea of Japan naming dispute'); sea called 日本海, with 东海 (ROK) and 朝鲜东海 (DPRK) as alternatives",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "Japanese survey of the Bibliotheque nationale de France: 215 maps, 95% Sea of Japan, 3% Sea of Korea (Japanese MOFA pamphlet, Rzh17)",
    "sections": 15,
    "english_equivalent_words": 3276,
    "sources": "50 refs: Japan 38%, South Korea 20%, United Nations 12%, English-language books and US sources 12%, Taiwan (ROC) and other Chinese-language media 12%, Russia 4%, PRC 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Namensstreit um das Japanische Meer ('name dispute about the Japanese Sea'); sea called Japanisches Meer, with Ostmeer and Koreanisches Ostmeer as Korean alternatives",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "No figures given; the nearest to a headline is the IHO's end-2020 decision on S-130, which uses only numerical identifiers as a naming compromise",
    "sections": 5,
    "english_equivalent_words": 639,
    "sources": "14 refs, all in English: Japan 36%, South Korea 36%, international bodies 14%, United States 7%, North Korea-focused aggregator 7%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "On the IHO's 2020 decision, ja states that \"IHOは「日本海」の単独表記を承認した\" (the IHO approved Sea of Japan as the sole designation), while de calls the same S-130 outcome a compromise that uses \"lediglich numerische Bezeichner\" (only numerical identifiers), so ja reports the ruling as a win for Japan's name where de reports it as a compromise between the two."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q1139479",
  "title": "Macedonia naming dispute",
  "label_judged": "blame for the dispute",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Macedonia naming dispute (also \"the naming dispute\", \"the name issue\", \"the naming issue\")",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "Around US$2 billion in damage to the Republic of Macedonia from the 1994-1995 Greek trade embargo (\"It has been estimated\"; cited to the Macedonian-language source mn.mk)",
    "sections": 53,
    "english_equivalent_words": 17503,
    "sources": "414 refs: English-language international 51%, Greek 33%, North Macedonian 13%, Bulgarian 1%, Albanian 1%, other European 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "el",
    "name": "Μακεδονικό ονοματολογικό ζήτημα ('the Macedonian naming question'); the lead adds that in Greece it is mainly also called Σκοπιανό ('the Skopje issue') or Μακεδονικό ζήτημα ('the Macedonian question')",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "Athens rally of 4 February 2018: 140,000 by police estimate against up to 1.5 million by the organisers (neither sentence footnoted)",
    "sections": 12,
    "english_equivalent_words": 5019,
    "sources": "96 refs: Greek-language 69%, Greek-origin in English 5%, UN/ICJ/OSCE 8%, foreign English-language media 15%, North Macedonian 3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "mk",
    "name": "Спор за името помеѓу Македонија и Грција ('Dispute over the name between Macedonia and Greece'); the country is 'Република Македонија' throughout and the FYROM form is treated only as a provisional 'reference'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "133 countries recognising the constitutional name by 21 December 2011, Namibia the 133rd (Macedonian MFA press centre)",
    "sections": 11,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4334,
    "sources": "231 refs: Macedonian media 64.5%, Macedonian government/parliament/party 11.3%, Macedonian diaspora 3.9%, international broadcasters' Macedonian services 3.9%, Greek 5.6%, other foreign governments 6.9%, other foreign media and scholarship 3.9%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "bg",
    "name": "Спор за името на Република Македония ('Dispute over the name of the Republic of Macedonia'); also 'македоно-гръцкия спор за името' ('the Macedonian-Greek name dispute')",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "None: the edition gives no figures at all",
    "sections": 3,
    "english_equivalent_words": 625,
    "sources": "13 refs: Bulgarian 46%, other English-language academic/international 23%, UN documents 15%, North Macedonian 8%, Greek 8%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Streit um den Namen Mazedonien ('Dispute over the name Macedonia'); also Namensstreit, Namenskonflikt",
    "treatment": "attributed to others",
    "headline_figure": "Athens protest of 4 February 2018: 140,000 (police), approx. 300,000 (Greek journalists), one million (organisers), cited to Zeit Online",
    "sections": 10,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4220,
    "sources": "64 refs: German-language 47%, Greek 17%, English-language US/UK 17%, UN and international bodies 9%, other Balkan 8%, Russian 2%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "The Macedonian edition says in its own voice that the dispute is \"mainly the product of the Republic of Greece's refusal to accept the constitutional name Macedonia\", while the Greek edition, which reports that Greeks call it \"Σκοπιανό\" ('the Skopje issue'), calls the neighbouring state a 'κρατίδιο' ('statelet') and in its own voice refers to 'the nationalist propaganda of the Gruevski government'."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q15731384",
  "title": "Western Sahara conflict",
  "label_judged": "annexation",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Western Sahara conflict; the 1975-1991 armed phase is the Western Sahara War",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "14,000 to 21,000 casualties in the 1975-1991 war (body uncited; infobox says killed), plus 40,000-80,000 Sahrawi refugees",
    "sections": 33,
    "english_equivalent_words": 5551,
    "sources": "112 refs: US English-language 24%, UK and Reuters 15%, UN/agencies/NATO 13%, human-rights and conflict NGOs 13%, Moroccan 8%, French 7%, other European 7%, Spanish 6%, Algerian or SADR 5%, Gulf Arab media 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ar",
    "name": "صراع الصحراء الغربية (Western Sahara conflict); the 1975-1991 phase is حرب الصحراء الغربية (Western Sahara War); the Moroccan-held part is noted as الأقاليم الجنوبية (the Southern Provinces)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "between 14,000 and 21,000 casualties (ضحية) in the 1975-1991 war, both sides, no citation in the text",
    "sections": 10,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2346,
    "sources": "20 refs, none in Arabic: US English-language 45%, Spanish-language 20%, other or unclear English-language 15%, UK English-language 10%, French-language 10%; only 3 of the 20 are cited in running text"
   },
   {
    "lang": "es",
    "name": "Conflicto del Sahara Occidental (Conflict of the Western Sahara); 1975-1991 is the 'guerra del Sahara Occidental', 2020 the 'enfrentamientos del Sahara Occidental'",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "14,000-21,000 dead (infobox, no citation); the body gives no refugee number",
    "sections": 4,
    "english_equivalent_words": 1696,
    "sources": "13 refs: US English-language 38%, Spanish-language from Spain 23%, Al Jazeera English 15%, UK (Routledge) 8%, French (Le Figaro) 8%, UN document 8%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Conflit au Sahara occidental (Conflict in Western Sahara); the 1975-1991 phase is 'Guerre entre le Maroc et le Polisario' in its heading and 'Guerre du Sahara occidental' in the infobox",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "no war casualty figure; territorial control since 1991 is 80% Morocco, 20% SADR (infobox, no citation)",
    "sections": 13,
    "english_equivalent_words": 2420,
    "sources": "37 refs: France 35%, Moroccan 14%, UN/European Parliament/ICG 14%, Spanish 11%, other francophone 8%, Sahrawi or pro-independence 8%, English-language 8%, Algerian 3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Westsaharakonflikt (Western Sahara conflict); the 1975-76 takeover is headed 'Annexion' and called 'militärische Besetzung' (military occupation)",
    "treatment": "stated as fact",
    "headline_figure": "no overall death toll; about 180,000 Sahrawis in the Tindouf refugee camps since 1976 (no citation), with battle-level losses such as 4,200 Moroccan soldiers killed to April 1977 (unattributed)",
    "sections": 8,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4566,
    "sources": "38 refs: German-language media, books and government 42%, UN and ICJ 24%, one English-language study by Besenyo 18% (cited 7 times), EU institutions 5%, Algerian TSA 5%, BBC 3%, ARSO/SADR 3%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "de and es state Morocco's takeover as occupation in their own voice (\"militärische Besetzung\", \"la ocupación marroquí\"), while fr's body never uses the word for Morocco, reserves it for Spain (\"l'occupation espagnole\") and calls Resolution 2797 \"une victoire diplomatique notable pour le Maroc\"."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q2483609",
  "title": "Tibetan sovereignty debate",
  "label_judged": "Chinese sovereignty",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Tibetan sovereignty debate",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "1,200,000 deaths since the 1950 invasion (Madrid-based Committee to Support Tibet), disputed by Patrick French, who puts deaths directly caused by Chinese policies at half a million",
    "sections": 15,
    "english_equivalent_words": 7471,
    "sources": "188 refs: Western (mainly US/UK) English-language scholarship and media 66%, PRC government and state media 10%, Tibetan exile government and advocacy 8%, UN/ICJ/EU documents 7%, Western government documents 3%, ROC/Taiwan/HK/Singapore 3%, French-language 1%, other 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "zh",
    "name": "西藏问题 (the Tibet question), defined as the question of whether the PRC has sovereignty over Tibet",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "March 2008 unrest deaths: 22 (PRC official announcement) against 148 (Tibetan government-in-exile)",
    "sections": 12,
    "english_equivalent_words": 3614,
    "sources": "71 refs: Western academic 24%, Western media incl. Chinese-language services 20%, Tibetan exile / Dalai Lama 15%, Taiwan 11%, PRC state and official 8%, UN 6%, US government 4%, Indian 3%, Western advocacy 3%, Hong Kong 3%, other or unsourced 3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Débat sur la souveraineté du Tibet (Debate on the sovereignty of Tibet); 1950 is mostly 'l'intervention militaire chinoise de 1950'",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "13,000 Tibetan refugees fled to India with the Dalai Lama in 1959 (own voice, cited to M. L. Sali 1998)",
    "sections": 36,
    "english_equivalent_words": 6783,
    "sources": "156 refs: English-language Western academic, press and government 37%, French-language 30%, Tibetan exile / pro-Tibet advocacy 15%, PRC official and state media 8%, international bodies (UN, ICJ, PPT) 5%, Indian 4%, unsourced note 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ru",
    "name": "Статус Тибета (Status of Tibet); 1950 is headed 'Установление власти КНР в Тибете' (Establishment of PRC power in Tibet)",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "About 40,000 PLA troops entered Tibet on 7 October 1950 (own voice, cited to Kuzmin 2010); the edition gives no casualty, death or refugee figure",
    "sections": 29,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4215,
    "sources": "95 refs: Russian 82% (Kychanov and Melnichenko 49, Kuzmin 15, other Russian 14), US/English-language academic and advocacy 10.5%, PRC official or state-published 4.2%, German 1.1%, International Commission of Jurists 1.1%, Belarusian 1.1%"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "For the 1950 PLA entry, English says in its own voice that \"the People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet\", French calls it \"l'intervention militaire chinoise\", Russian calls it the \"Установление власти КНР\" (establishment of PRC power), and Chinese's narrative says the PRC \"繼續對西藏的侵略\" (continued the invasion)."
 },
 {
  "qid": "Q152142",
  "title": "Bombing of Dresden",
  "label_judged": "war crime",
  "editions": [
   {
    "lang": "en",
    "name": "Bombing of Dresden (also 'the Dresden raids', 'the firebombing of Dresden')",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "'up to 25,000' killed (lead and infobox), from the Dresden Commission of Historians final report 2010 and the city of Dresden; the body also gives 22,700 to 25,000",
    "sections": 32,
    "english_equivalent_words": 10916,
    "sources": "201 refs: British 61% (Frederick Taylor alone 44 citations), American 23%, German 14% (about 18 in German), other 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "de",
    "name": "Luftangriffe auf Dresden ('air raids on Dresden'); also 'Zerstörung Dresdens' and '13. Februar 1945' as shorthand",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "22,700 to 25,000 dead in the four attack waves of 13 to 15 February 1945 (lead, edition's own voice), later sourced to the Dresden Historians' Commission final report 2010",
    "sections": 44,
    "english_equivalent_words": 13188,
    "sources": "173 refs: German-language from Germany 88%, English-language UK/US 9%, German-language Austria/Switzerland 3%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "ru",
    "name": "Бомбардировка Дрездена / Бомбардировки Дрездена ('Bombing' / 'Bombings of Dresden'); the lead adds «Дрезденский апокалипсис» ('the Dresden Apocalypse')",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "Infobox 'more than 25,000 dead' (English rendering, citing the commission report Rru1); body gives 18,000 to 25,000 (2008 commission) and 25,000 (official final report, 17 March 2010); the lead itself gives damage, not deaths",
    "sections": 13,
    "english_equivalent_words": 4995,
    "sources": "81 refs: English-language (UK, US, Australia, Canada) 60%, Russian-language 26%, German 11%, French 2%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "fr",
    "name": "Bombardement de Dresde (often 'la destruction de Dresde'); infobox uses the 'Infobox Massacre' template with motif 'controversé'",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "'au moins 25 000' killed (lead, edition's own voice), per the commission set up by the city of Dresden in 2010, against the '200 000' spread by the Nazi regime and Soviet propaganda",
    "sections": 54,
    "english_equivalent_words": 19110,
    "sources": "302 refs: English-language 66% (Frederick Taylor 2005 alone 100 of 302 notes), German-language 31%, French-language 2%, unclassified 1%"
   },
   {
    "lang": "pl",
    "name": "Bombardowanie Drezna ('Bombing of Dresden'); the lead calls the raids 'naloty dywanowe' ('carpet raids')",
    "treatment": "presented as disputed",
    "headline_figure": "'about 18,000, not more than 25,000' dead (English rendering), from a commission the edition says was appointed by the Saxon authorities and finished in 2011; infobox 18,000 to 25,000",
    "sections": 6,
    "english_equivalent_words": 529,
    "sources": "4 refs: German 2 (the commission report; Taylor on Spiegel Online in English), Polish 2 (Tygodnik Powszechny/Onet interview; Polish edition of Heydecker's memoir)"
   }
  ],
  "sharpest_contrast": "French and Russian Wikipedia give the Dresden commission's 2010 toll as a floor ('au moins 25 000' in the fr lead; 'more than 25,000' in the ru infobox), while English, German and Polish give the same source as a ceiling ('up to 25,000', '22,700 to 25,000', 'not more than 25,000')."
 }
]