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Contents
  1. (Top)
  2. Early life and inheritance disputes
  3. Civil war and the Treaty of Verdun
  4. Wars in Aquitaine and Brittany
  5. Viking raids and defensive reforms
  6. Domestic rebellions and brotherly diplomacy
  7. Partition of Middle Francia
  8. Imperial reign and final campaigns
  9. Burial and succession
  10. Culture, patronage, and governance
  11. Sobriquet and physical appearance
  12. Marriages and issue
  13. References
Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald
Born13 June 823, Frankfurt, Francia
Died6 October 877, Brides-les-Bains or Avrieux
HouseCarolingian
FatherLouis the Pious
MotherJudith of Bavaria
SpousesErmentrude of Orléans, Richilde of Provence
Successor in West FranciaLouis the Stammerer
Successor as EmperorCharles the Fat

Charles the Bald (13 June 823 – 6 October 877) was King of West Francia from 843 to 877, King of Italy from 875 to 877, and Carolingian Emperor from 875 until his death.[1] The youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious and Judith of Bavaria, his birth disrupted earlier imperial inheritance agreements, and his father's attempts to give him a kingdom led to revolts and civil wars among his brothers.[2] By the 843 Treaty of Verdun, he acquired the western third of the Carolingian Empire, governing during an era marked by Viking incursions, internal rebellions, and the consolidation of feudal institutions.

Early life and inheritance disputes

Charles was born on 13 June 823 in Frankfurt am Main.[3][4] He was the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious and the only son born of Louis's second marriage to Judith of Bavaria.[2] Judith belonged to the elder Welf dynasty, being the daughter of Count Welf of Altdorf and Hedwig of Bavaria.[5] Charles had an older full sister, Gisela, who later married Duke Eberhard of Friuli, becoming the mother of Berengar I of Italy.[6][7] By the time Charles was born, his three elder half-brothers from Louis's first marriage to Ermengarde of Hesbaye were already adults: Lothair I, Pepin I of Aquitaine, and Louis the German.[3][8] In 817, Louis the Pious had promulgated the Ordinatio Imperii, a dynastic arrangement establishing the imperial succession under Lothair and assigning subkingdoms to Pepin and Louis without providing for any subsequent heirs.[9]

Louis the Pious also wished to give Charles a share of his inheritance, but his elder sons regarded any change to the 817 arrangement as an attack on their own position.[9][10] In August 829 at the Diet of Worms, Louis the Pious invested the six-year-old Charles with the title of Duke of Alemannia, allocating him Alemannia, Rhaetia, Alsace, and parts of Burgundy.[11] These grants meant taking land that had already been assigned to Charles's elder brothers.[12] Bernard of Septimania acted as Charles's protector in 829 and 830.[13]

From the late 820s until his death in 840, Louis the Pious was repeatedly in conflict with one or more of his sons.[10] In 830, Pepin of Aquitaine rose in rebellion and besieged the imperial court at Compiègne; the Emperor was temporarily deposed, and Judith was confined to the convent of the Holy Cross at Poitiers.[14] In 832, after Pepin rebelled against his father and was defeated, Charles was given the royal title of Aquitaine.[15][16] Pepin was imprisoned at Trier, but he escaped and reconciled with his father in March 834 at Quierzy, temporarily resuming rule in Aquitaine.[15][17] At an imperial assembly in Aachen in 837, Louis the Pious granted Charles coastal lands extending between Frisia and the Seine, and compelled the nobility to swear fealty to Charles as his designated heir.[18][19] In 838, Charles was invested with Maine and the regions between the Seine and the Loire.[19]

Pepin I of Aquitaine died in December 838.[18] Louis the Pious then assigned Aquitaine to Charles.[18][20] This decision incensed the Aquitanian nobility, who favored Pepin's son, Pepin II, and resisted external imperial imposition.[20][21] At the Diet of Worms in May 839, the Emperor formally disinherited Pepin II and repartitioned the empire, awarding Charles a massive western realm that included Neustria, the Breton March, western and southern Burgundy, Provence, Gascony, Septimania, and Aquitaine.[22][23] The Aquitanians refused to deliver Pepin II to Aachen for instruction, and Count Emenon of Poitiers, who backed Pepin II, was expelled from his county by the Emperor.[24][25]

Traditional historiography held that Charles was educated between the ages of seven and sixteen by the noted scholar Walahfrid Strabo, a monk of Reichenau who had been summoned to Aachen in 829.[26] However, more recent historical research has questioned or refuted Strabo's formal role as Charles's tutor.[27] Early accounts noted that Charles acquired a substantial literary education, maintaining a lasting commitment to scholarly pursuits throughout his life.[28]

Civil war and the Treaty of Verdun

Louis the Pious died on 20 June 840 on an island in the Rhine near Ingelheim.[29] Lothair I immediately claimed sole imperial dominion over the entire empire as envisioned by the 817 decree.[30] Pepin II allied himself with Lothair to secure his possession of Aquitaine.[29] Faced with Lothair's ambitions, Charles formed an alliance with his half-brother Louis the German.[30]

Louis the German advanced from the east, and their combined forces confronted Lothair and Pepin II at the Battle of Fontenoy-en-Puisaye in Burgundy on 25 June 841.[30] Charles and Louis defeated Lothair in the battle.[30] In gratitude for the victory, Charles ordered the construction of a small church dedicated to Saint Mary at the entrance to the valley of Vaucharmes.[31]

On 14 February 842, Charles and Louis met at Strasbourg to solemnize their pact through the Oaths of Strasbourg.[32][33] To ensure that their armies understood the oaths, Louis swore in the Romance vernacular (an early Gallo-Romance ancestor of Old French) so that Charles's troops could comprehend, while Charles swore in the Germanic vernacular (Old High German) for Louis's forces.[32][33] This text represents the earliest written record of a Romance language in France.[32][34]

Prolonged deliberations led to the signing of the Treaty of Verdun in August 843.[35][36][37] The Frankish realm was partitioned into three independent kingdoms of comparable size: Lothair retained the imperial title, Middle Francia, and the Kingdom of Italy; Louis the German took East Francia; and Charles received West Francia.[35][36][38] Charles's kingdom encompassed the regions west of the Scheldt, Meuse, Saône, and Rhône rivers, down to the Spanish March and the river Ebro, laying the geographic foundation of medieval France.[35][36][39]

On 13 or 14 December 842 at the royal palace of Quierzy-sur-Oise, Charles married Ermentrude of Orléans, daughter of Count Odo I of Orléans and Ingeltrude of Paris.[40] Ermentrude was a niece of Adalard the Seneschal and belonged to the Agilolfing family.[40] In November 843, following an assembly at Coulaines, Charles concluded the Treaty of Coulaines with his nobility and clergy.[41][42] This pact delimited royal authority and guaranteed the rights and property of the episcopate and aristocracy, functioning as an early constitutional foundation for feudal governance in West Francia.[41]

Wars in Aquitaine and Brittany

Despite the settlement at Verdun, Charles faced sustained warfare in Aquitaine and Brittany.[28][43] In 844, Charles besieged Toulouse, which was held by Bernard of Septimania in allegiance to Pepin II.[13] Bernard was captured and executed by decapitation on Charles's orders for suspected treason.[13][44][45] However, Bernard's son William of Septimania and Pepin II retaliated, defeating Charles's royal army on the banks of the Agout River on 14 June 844.[45][46] Pressed by Norman incursions along the coast, Charles concluded a peace treaty with Pepin II on 5 June 845 at Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire.[43][47] Under this agreement, Pepin II retained most of Aquitaine as a subkingdom while swearing fealty as Charles's vassal, though Charles annexed Poitou, Saintonge, and Angoumois directly to the crown.[43][47]

Concurrently, Charles struggled to impose authority over Brittany, where Nominoë served as sovereign ruler.[28][43] Charles mounted an expedition into Brittany in 845, but on 22 November 845, his forces were routed in marshy terrain at the Battle of Ballon near Redon.[28][48] Charles escaped to Tours and recognized Nominoë as ruler of Brittany in an 846 treaty.[48][49] By 851 the Bretons were led by Nominoë's son Erispoë.[28][50] Charles launched another Breton campaign, but on 22 August 851, Erispoë defeated him decisively at the Battle of Jengland.[28]

In Aquitaine, after the Vikings attacked in 848 and captured and sacked Bordeaux, the nobles, seeing that Pepin II was not defending them, turned to Charles.[51] In 848, Aquitanian secular and religious lords offered the crown to Charles.[51][52] On 6 June 848, Charles was crowned King of Aquitaine and King of France at the Cathedral of Sainte-Croix in Orléans by Archbishop Wenilo of Sens.[51][52][53][54] In 849, Fredelo of Rouergue opened the gates of Toulouse to Charles, who rewarded him by confirming him as Count of Toulouse.[55] Pepin II was captured in 852 by Duke Sancho II Sanchez of Gascony, who surrendered him to Charles.[47][56] Pepin II was forced to become a monk and in 852 was confined to the monastery of Saint-Médard in Soissons, while Charles rewarded Sancho by raising his title from count of Gascony Citerior to duke of Gascony.[56]

After 853, Aquitanian nobles who did not want Charles as their king offered the crown of Aquitaine to Louis the German, and in 854 his son Louis the Younger, with their support, attacked Charles and advanced as far as Limoges.[57] Pepin II escaped from Saint-Médard, while his brother Charles escaped from Corbie, rallying Aquitanians to their cause and forcing Louis the Younger to withdraw.[58][59] At the request of Aquitanian nobles who wanted a king of their own, Charles had his young son Charles the Child crowned and consecrated King of Aquitaine at Limoges in October 855.[60] However, Charles the Child struggled to hold the allegiance of the magnates or resist Viking raiders.[60] In 864, Pepin II was recaptured near Toulouse, tried at the Diet of Pîtres for apostasy and treason, and condemned to monastic imprisonment, where he died.[61][62]

Viking raids and defensive reforms

Viking fleets attacked West Frankish river basins repeatedly throughout Charles's reign, striking the Seine, Loire, Somme, and Garonne valleys.[28][63][64] In 843, Vikings under Hasting ravaged the Loire valley and sacked Nantes on 24 June, killing Bishop Saint Gohard inside his cathedral.[64] In March 845, a fleet of 120 ships commanded by Ragnar Lodbrok sailed up the Seine and laid siege to Paris.[63] To secure their departure, Charles paid the Vikings a tribute (Danegeld) of 7,000 pounds of silver, sparing the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and the city from total devastation.[63]

Subsequent assaults struck repeatedly between 856 and 861, including sacks of Paris in 856–857 and 861.[65] Viking raiders frequently established permanent island fortified bases, such as at Oissel (Oscelle) on the lower Seine.[66] Charles was repeatedly forced to negotiate truces and pay substantial monetary tributes to secure departures.[28] Charles proved unable to organize an effective and lasting defense, which contributed to the decline of royal power and the growing strength of the high nobility during his reign.[67]

To counter these incursions systematically, Charles promulgated the Edict of Pistres at Pîtres in June 864.[28][68] The edict mandated major military structural reforms, establishing a mobile cavalry arm by requiring all landholders owning or capable of maintaining a horse to serve in mounted combat.[28][69] This mobile force served as the tactical predecessor to medieval chivalry and knightly cavalry.[28][69] The edict further ordered fortified bridges to be constructed across all navigable rivers to obstruct Viking longships; two such bridges constructed at Paris proved decisive in preventing the city's capture during the siege of 885–886.[28][70]

The Edict of Pistres also enacted economic and monetary legislation.[71] It established strict imperial control over coinage, defining legal weight, metal purity, and design standards to combat counterfeiting and debasement.[71][72] The number of authorized minting locations across the realm was curtailed, concentrating legal production in key royal ateliers including Paris, Reims, Rouen, and Quentovic.[72] To maintain commercial credit and facilitate tax collections, Charles introduced coinage bearing the Karolus monogram, with a design altered to distinguish it from the similar monogram that Pepin II had used on his coins.[72][73][74] The founding of the Monnaie de Paris as a centralized royal institution dates to this decree.[75][76][77]

It also prohibited private lords from constructing unauthorized fortified castles (castella), though the crown struggled to enforce this provision against magnates building private hilltop redoubts.[70] Alongside these measures, Charles employed diplomatic engagement; in 865, he received an embassy bearing diplomatic gifts, including camels, from Emir Muhammad I of Córdoba.[78][79]

Domestic rebellions and brotherly diplomacy

Following Verdun, the three royal brothers continued the system of confraternal government, meeting repeatedly at Koblenz in 848, Meerssen in 851, and Attigny in 854.[28] However, domestic dissatisfaction mounted among the West Frankish aristocracy. In 858, disaffected nobles led by Robert the Strong, Count Odo of Orléans, and Archbishop Wenilo of Sens invited Louis the German to invade West Francia and unseat Charles.[28][66][80] Charles was besieging Vikings at Oissel when Louis crossed the Rhine, capturing Châlons-sur-Marne, Sens, and the royal palace at Attigny.[66] Charles was so unpopular that he could not summon an army, and he fled to Burgundy.[28]

Louis the German sought to establish his sovereignty, but his coronation was thwarted by the West Frankish episcopate.[28][80] Led by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, the bishops convened at Reims on 25 November 858 and issued a formal refusal to consecrate Louis, demanding the return of Charles.[28][80] The bishops refused to crown Louis, and the Welfs, Charles's maternal kin, stayed loyal to Charles.[81] Louis dismissed part of his army, and when Charles raised fresh troops early in 859 and marched north, Louis withdrew across the Rhine without a battle.[80][81][82] Charles adopted a policy of political conciliation, pardoning rebel magnates but redistributing confiscated honors.[82] The brothers made peace at Koblenz in June 860.[83]

In Brittany, Salomon proclaimed himself king in 860, and in 862 he refused to acknowledge Charles's overlordship.[84] To check Breton raids and defend the Loire and Seine valleys, Charles created the March of Brittany and the March of Normandy in 861, investing Robert the Strong as Duke and Margrave over the territories between the Seine and the Loire.[84] Robert campaigned vigorously against Viking bands and rebellious magnates until he was killed in action at the Battle of Brissarthe in 866.[85] Salomon expanded Breton boundaries; on 1 or 25 August 867, under the Treaty of Compiègne, Charles formally conceded the Cotentin peninsula and the Avranchin to Salomon.[86][87]

In the southern marches, Charles oversaw the administration of Septimania and the Spanish March.[88] In 844, he appointed Sunifred I as Count of Barcelona, Girona, Narbonne, Nîmes, and Agde.[89] William of Septimania entered Barcelona, probably because Count Sunifred had died, and in 849 took the city by deceit after defeating and driving out Aleran, to whom the city and the Spanish March had been entrusted.[55] William was later defeated and executed at Barcelona.[55] At a diet at Pîtres in 868, Bernard of Gothia appeared as marquis for the Catalan frontier counties and Bernard Plantapilosa as marquis and Count of Autun.[90]

Partition of Middle Francia

The death of Emperor Lothair I in 855 resulted in the partition of Middle Francia among his three sons under the Treaty of Prüm: Louis II received Italy and the imperial crown; Lothair II received Lotharingia; and Charles of Provence received Burgundy and Provence. In 860, Charles the Bald attempted an invasion of Provence to depose his nephew Charles, but Count Gerard of Vienne assembled forces and repulsed the West Frankish army.[28]

Lothair II died at Piacenza on 8 August 869 without legitimate heirs.[91][92] His brother Louis II of Italy was the natural heir, but Louis was occupied campaigning against Saracen forces in southern Italy.[91][92] Exploiting Louis's absence, Charles the Bald entered Lotharingia and had himself consecrated King of Lotharingia at Metz Cathedral on 9 September 869 by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims.[92][93][94] Bishop Advence of Metz claimed that all the bishops and lay magnates of Lotharingia wanted Charles as king.[94] In 869, however, Louis the German demanded a share of Lothair II's inheritance and threatened war.[91]

On 8 August 870, Charles and Louis the German concluded the Treaty of Meerssen on the Meuse near Maastricht, dividing Lothair II's kingdom while excluding Louis II of Italy entirely.[93][95] The frontier followed the Moselle and Ourthe rivers down to the Meuse.[96] Charles obtained the western lands, including the Rhône counties of the Lyonnais, the Viennois, and the Vivarais, with Uzès.[37][95] When Count Gerard of Vienne and his wife Bertha resisted the settlement, Charles besieged Vienne; Bertha surrendered the stronghold on Christmas Day 870, and Charles conferred the Duchy of Vienne on his brother-in-law, Boso.[95][97]

Pope Hadrian II dispatched legates to Charles and Louis to protest the disinheritance of Emperor Louis II, but Archbishop Hincmar supported Charles's royal policy and ignored the papal reprimands.[95] Queen Ermentrude had died on 6 October 869 at Saint-Denis.[52] Charles remarried quickly, taking Richilde of Provence, daughter of Count Bivin of Gorze and sister of Boso, initially by proxy on 12 October 869 and in person at Aachen on 22 January 870.[52]

Imperial reign and final campaigns

Emperor Louis II of Italy died on 12 August 875 without male progeny, having nominated his cousin Carloman of Bavaria, eldest son of Louis the German, as his successor.[98] However, Charles the Bald crossed the Alps with an army and secured the support of Pope John VIII.[98][99] Charles received the royal crown of Italy at Pavia and was crowned Emperor in Rome on 25 December 875, exactly seventy-five years after the coronation of Charlemagne.[99][100] As emperor, Charles adopted the formula renovatio imperii Romani et Francorum ('renewal of the empire of the Romans and Franks') on his imperial seal, merging the mottos of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.[101][102] For the coronation, a wooden throne ornamented with carved ivory plaques was prepared and later donated to the Pope; it was later revered as the Cathedra Petri above the high altar of St. Peter's Basilica.[103]

In response to Charles's coronation, Louis the German invaded West Francia, forcing Charles to return rapidly to the north in early 876.[98][99] Louis the German died at Frankfurt on 28 August 876.[99] After Louis the German's death, Charles in his turn attempted to seize Louis's kingdom.[28][99] At the Battle of Andernach on 8 October 876, Louis the Younger inflicted a severe defeat on the West Frankish army.[99] Charles's soldiers fled in disorder or collapsed, and Charles turned back.[104] Bernard Plantapilosa, Count Adalhard and Bishop Gauzlin of Paris were taken prisoner by Louis the Younger and soon released.[104]

In 877, Pope John VIII, menaced by Saracen raids threatening Rome, appealed urgently to Charles for military protection.[105][106] Before embarking on his second Italian expedition, Charles was at Quierzy in June 877.[85][107][108] There he promulgated the famous Capitulary of Quierzy between 14 and 16 June 877.[106][108] It legally acknowledged the hereditary transmission of honores and comital charges, establishing that if a count died while serving on campaign, his county should be administered by close kin and the bishop until the crown confirmed the succession in the heir.[106][108] This measure formalized what had already become customary practice, providing a foundational legal statute for emerging feudal institutions.[106][108]

Charles crossed the Alps in late June 877, meeting Pope John VIII at Vercelli and advancing to Pavia.[4] However, his West Frankish magnates, including his regent in Lombardy, Boso, Hugh the Abbot, and Bernard of Gothia, formed an aristocratic conspiracy and refused to join him with reinforcements.[4][105] Simultaneously, Carloman of Bavaria entered northern Italy with a large Bavarian army.[4][105] Lacking adequate military forces and severely afflicted with fever and pleurisy, Charles began a retreat back to Gaul.[109] He died on 6 October 877 in a peasant hut at the village of Brides-les-Bains or Avrieux near Modane while crossing the Mont Cenis pass.[105][110] Rumors at court alleged that he had been poisoned by his Jewish physician, Zedekias, in collusion with Empress Richilde.[111]

Burial and succession

According to the Annals of Saint-Bertin, Charles was buried hastily at the abbey of Saint-Pierre in Nantua, Burgundy, because the pallbearers were unable to withstand the stench of his decomposing corpse, despite wrapping it in a leather-lined cask.[112][113] Charles had long expressed the wish to be interred in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, where he had served as lay abbot since 867, having earmarked a burial place behind the altar of the Holy Trinity.[112][114] Seven years later, in 884, his bones were transferred to Saint-Denis at the behest of his son Louis the Stammerer and installed in a porphyry basin, traditionally identified with the so-called vat of Dagobert (cuve de Dagobert) preserved in the Louvre.[112][114][115][116]

In the thirteenth century, during the reorganization of the royal necropolis under Abbot Eudes Clément and King Louis IX, an elaborate bronze tomb monument was erected for Charles at Saint-Denis, completed by 1245.[114] A bronze memorial at Saint-Denis was melted down during the French Revolution.[117]

Charles was succeeded in West Francia by his eldest surviving son, Louis the Stammerer.[28] In Italy, the crown passed to Carloman of Bavaria, while the imperial title remained vacant until the coronation of Charles the Fat in 881.[118]

Culture, patronage, and governance

Charles was a literate and educated monarch who patronized scholarly learning, continuing the educational reforms of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.[28][119] Modeled after Charlemagne's palace school, Charles maintained an intellectual circle at his courts at Paris and Compiègne, earning contemporary references as a philosopher-king.[119] His most celebrated court scholar was the Irish philosopher and theologian John Scotus Eriugena, who directed the palace school from approximately 845, instructing students in grammar, logic, and dialectic.[119] Charles protected Eriugena against theological controversy and commissioned him to translate the works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite from Greek into Latin.[119]

Manuscript illumination and liturgical craftsmanship flourished under his patronage.[120][121] Significant manuscripts produced for him included the First Bible of Charles the Bald (the Vivian Bible), presented to the king in 846 by Count Vivian and the monks of Saint-Martin of Tours, as well as the Psalter of Charles the Bald and the Codex Aureus of Saint Emmeram.[120][121] Charles also instituted hunting officers known as bevarii, specialized officials charged with hunting beavers, which were sought for their fur and castoreum and were probably also a nuisance because their dams blocked the drainage ditches dug to reclaim land, complementing the wolf-hunting corps established by Charlemagne.[122]

Throughout his administration, Charles leaned heavily upon the episcopate to offset the power of rebellious secular magnates, selecting high ecclesiastical figures as key royal counselors.[28][81] Prominent among his clerical advisors was Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, who repeatedly upheld the royal authority in political, administrative, and theological matters, despite occasional friction over royal appointments and canonical rights.[28][80][92][123] In 871–872, Charles sent two letters to Pope Hadrian II defending royal sovereignty against intrusive papal interference in temporal governance.[124]

Sobriquet and physical appearance

Historians have debated the origin and meaning of Charles's cognomen 'the Bald' (Calvus).[125][126] Contemporary artistic representations, including miniatures in his 845 Bible, his royal seal of 847, his imperial seal of 875, and a bronze equestrian statuette of circa 870 thought to depict him, uniformly portray him with a full head of hair, accompanied by long drooping mustaches.[127] Consequently, scholars have suggested that the nickname was an ironic epithet denoting that he was exceptionally hairy.[125][126][128] Another explanation holds that 'bald' was an ironic metaphor for his lack of an inherited regnum during childhood, when his elder brothers had already obtained their respective subkingdoms.[129][130][131] A clerical explanation claims that on 5 May 877, during the papal consecration of the collegiate church of Sainte-Marie at Compiègne, Charles shaved his skull as an act of ecclesiastical submission, violating the traditional Frankish royal custom of wearing long hair.[132]

Regardless of its exact genesis, the appellation appeared in official written records early on. The Genealogy of Frankish Kings, recorded at the monastery of Fontanelle possibly as early as 869, designates him without irony as Karolus Calvus.[133][134][135] By the late tenth century, chroniclers including Richer of Reims and Adhémar of Chabannes employed the sobriquet as a standard historical designation.[133][134][135]

Marriages and issue

Charles married his first wife, Ermentrude of Orléans, on 13 or 14 December 842 at Quierzy.[40] She bore him nine children:[136]

* Judith.[137] * Louis the Stammerer (846–879), King of France from 877.[138] * Charles the Child, King of Aquitaine from 855.[13][139] * Lothair the Lame (848–865/866), tonsured in 861, Abbot of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre.[140] * Carloman.[141] * Rotrude (852–912), a nun, Abbess of Sainte-Radegonde.[142] * Ermentrude (854–877), a nun, Abbess of Hasnon.[136][143] * Hildegarde (born 856, died young).[136] * Gisela (857–874).[136] * Godehilde (864–907/923), married Count Godfrey III (or Gozlin) of Maine.[136][144][145]

Ermentrude retired to a nunnery in 867 and died on 6 October 869.[52] On 22 January 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence at Aachen.[52] With Richilde, he had five children:[146][147]

* Rothilde (871–928/929), married firstly to Hugh, Count of Bourges, and secondly around 890 to Roger, Count of Maine; her later removal from the abbacy of Chelles by Charles the Simple in 922 provoked the rebellion that overthrew the king.[146][148][149] * Drogo (872/873 – 873/874), twin of Pippin, buried at Saint-Amand.[143][146] * Pippin (872/873 – 873/874), twin of Drogo, buried at Saint-Amand.[143][146] * a son (born and died 23 March 875).[146][147][150] * Charles (10 October 876 – 7 April 877), buried at Saint-Denis.[146][147][151]

Where editions disagree (6)
Date of death
  • English: 6 October 877
  • Serbian: 5 or 6 October 877
  • Chinese: 5 October 877
  • Polish: 5 or 6 October 877
  • Finnish: 5 or 6 October 877
Year of birth
  • English: 13 June 823
  • French: 13 June 823 or 820
  • Spanish: 13 June 823 or 820 according to Guy Breton
  • Arabic: 23 June 823
Place of death
  • English: Brides-les-Bains while crossing the Mont Cenis pass
  • Catalan: Avrieux while crossing the Mont Cenis pass at Brides-les-Bains
  • French: Village of Brios, the modern Avrieux, at the foot of Mont Cenis
  • German: Avrieux near Modane
Tomb at Saint-Denis
  • English: Buried in a porphyry tub possibly known as Dagobert's tub, now in the Louvre, with a memorial brass melted down in the Revolution
  • French: Initially possibly a Roman red marble bathtub, replaced around 1245 under Abbot Eudes Clément with a raised bronze gisant tomb resting on columns, melted down after 10 August 1792 during the Revolution
  • German: Buried in a vault looted on 18 October 1793 during the French Revolution, his remains reburied in an exterior mass grave
Education by Walahfrid Strabo
  • French: Entrusted at age seven to Walahfrid Strabo, who directed his education for nine years
  • German: His supposed education by Walahfrid Strabo seems to be refuted by modern research
  • Albanian: Often presumed to have been educated by Walahfrid Strabo, but there is no evidence for this
Origin of the nickname 'the Bald'
  • English: Used ironically because he was exceptionally hairy, or metaphorically because of his lack of a kingdom in youth
  • French: Shaved his head on 5 May 877 at Compiègne as a sign of submission to the church, or metaphorically meant lack of a crown in childhood
  • Japanese: Some theories claim tonsure at Prüm Abbey at age ten, or that he actually lost his hair during his stressful conflicts
Sources (79 Wikipedia editions)

The non-English editions provide substantial additional coverage, particularly regarding Charles's campaigns in Aquitaine, Septimania, and the Spanish March, detailed extensively in the Catalan edition with local charters, missi, and executions. The French, Spanish, and German editions contribute detailed accounts of the Edict of Pistres, including the establishment of royal bevarii for beaver hunting, monetary reforms, and the architectural history and revolutionary destruction of his bronze tomb at Saint-Denis. The Korean, Russian, and Italian editions supply specifics on court intellectuals, such as John Scotus Eriugena, and military tactical details, including the white-clad ruse used against Charles at the Battle of Andernach.

Assembled from the Wikipedia articles below, each pinned to the revision read on 2026-09-27. Together they hold 397 references; the English article alone has 11.

EditionArticleRevisionSizeRefs
EnglishCharles the Bald137325770119.1 KB11
CatalanCarles el Calb3853410266.0 KB31
Korean카롤루스 2세 칼부스3905246353.1 KB12
ItalianCarlo il Calvo14975516545.1 KB55
FrenchCharles II le Chauve23973714944.0 KB41
RussianКарл II Лысый15485026640.2 KB5
SpanishCarlos el Calvo17551846239.7 KB44
GreekΚάρολος ο Φαλακρός1184872925.3 KB13
SerbianКарло Ћелави3135418022.8 KB10
ArmenianԿառլ Ճաղատ1053568922.6 KB8
NorwegianKarl den skallede2447991422.0 KB29
MacedonianКарло Ќелавиот512666722.0 KB0
Norwegian NynorskKarl den skalla341808021.6 KB27
Thaiจักรพรรดิคาร์ลที่ 2 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์1284993619.2 KB1
DutchKarel de Kale7198712418.6 KB1
PortugueseCarlos II de França7242714416.6 KB14
Japaneseシャルル2世 (西フランク王)10574745013.2 KB12
GermanKarl der Kahle26890388513.1 KB5
IndonesianKarl yang Botak2878253312.3 KB3
Arabicشارل الأصلع7453607012.3 KB2
SlovenianKarel Plešasti633268911.3 KB10
BulgarianКарл II Плешиви1153839011.0 KB0
GalicianCarlos II o Calvo671250310.6 KB7
HungarianII. Károly nyugati frank király2865094210.2 KB1
CzechKarel II. Holý2599337110.2 KB0
PolishKarol II Łysy7775884310.0 KB8
AlbanianKarl der Kahle10774969.9 KB2
EstonianCharles II Paljaspea62303549.6 KB0
Chinese秃头查理903107859.4 KB5
BasqueKarlos II.a Burusoila107228968.5 KB13
BelarusianКарл II Лысы44291368.4 KB0
TurkishII. Charles (Kutsal Roma imparatoru)377237437.8 KB3
Persianشارل دوم443354377.6 KB0
West FlemishKarel den Kletsn3016567.4 KB0
FinnishKaarle Kaljupää242199757.4 KB6
BretonKarl Voal21688987.1 KB7
LuxembourgishCharles de Plakkapp25401146.1 KB0
Serbian (Latin)Charles II Ćelavi424591806.0 KB0
LithuanianKarolis II Plikagalvis68395335.8 KB1
SwedishKarl den skallige593569945.5 KB1
VietnameseCharles Hói750952985.2 KB0
Hebrewקרל הקירח429266775.0 KB0
BosnianKarlo II, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva38509725.0 KB3
Western FrisianKarel de Keale11108034.8 KB0
CroatianKarlo II., zapadnofranački kralj74146134.8 KB2
LatvianKārlis II Plikgalvis41690044.7 KB0
AsturianCarlos el Calvu44266024.2 KB0
UkrainianКарл II Лисий474448113.7 KB0
AragoneseCarlos II de Francia21769223.6 KB0
Georgianშარლ II მელოტი40342943.4 KB0
kbpCharles 2 le Chauve115573.3 KB0
DanishKarl den Skaldede118632803.2 KB0
RomanianCarol cel Pleșuv169605483.1 KB0
AfrikaansKarel II die Kale28630992.6 KB2
KotavaCharles II (gazik ke Franca)804702.4 KB0
WelshSiarl Foel137022842.3 KB0
SlovakKarol II. (Francúzsko)79986032.2 KB0
AzerbaijaniII Keçəl Karl89423342.2 KB0
simpleCharles the Bald100475651.9 KB0
ScotsCharles the Bauld7821171.8 KB0
EsperantoKarlo la 2-a (Francio)85111431.7 KB0
Northern FrisianKarl di Kaal2495871.5 KB0
LatinCarolus II (imperator)36509481.5 KB1
azbشارل تاس5407271.5 KB0
IdoKarolus la Kalva10638731.4 KB0
Old EnglishCarl Bealda2092871.4 KB0
MalagasyCharles the Bald11013061.3 KB0
Urduشارل اصلع114482791.2 KB1
Marathiचार्ल्स द बाल्ड22395361.0 KB0
be_x_oldКарл II Лысы20388611.0 KB0
zh_min_nanCharles 2-sè (Sai Frank)31406261.0 KB0
IrishSéarlas Maol12862860.9 KB0
PicardCarles II ch'Cauve622900.6 KB0
Egyptian Arabicشارل الاصلع119492820.5 KB0
SicilianCarlu II di Francia6667410.5 KB0
OccitanCarles lo Calvet21943540.4 KB0
YorubaCharles 1k5724430.3 KB0
Wu Chinese秃头查理3628800.3 KB0
zh_yue光頭查理7929450.3 KB0
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References

  1. He is retroactively counted as "Charles II" in the lists of both French and German monarchs.
  2. Chisholm 1911, p. 897. (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Charles II". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 897–898.)
  3. Riche 1983, p. 150. (Riche, Pierre (1983). The Carolingians: The Family who forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press.)
  4. (LA) Monumenta Germanica Historica, tomus V: Annales S. Benigni Divisionensis, Pag 39, anno 824, nota 14, su dmgh.de (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 aprile 2014).
  5. (LA) Monumenta Germanica Historica, tomus II: Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris, Pag 597, par. 35, su dmgh.de (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 ottobre 2017).
  6. 바이에른의 엠므는 그에게는 이모가 되면서 이복 형수도 된다.
  7. RI I n. 925d, Ludwig der Fromme, 833 iuni 30, Rotfelth : Regesta Imperii
  8. Riche (1983), s. 150.
  9. Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006): Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876, Cornell University Press, s. 31
  10. Holmes, George (1988): The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, London: Guild Publishing, s. 104
  11. Augustin Fliche, La Chrétienté médiévale, 1929, p. 174.
  12. McKitterick, Rosamond (1980). „Charles the Bald (823-877) and His Library: The Patronage of Learning”. The English Historical Review. 95 (374): 28—47. JSTOR 569081. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXIV.28. Приступљено 19. 1. 2021. (језик: енглески)
  13. (LA) Annales de Saint-Bertin, Pagg 56 e 57, su gallica.bnf.fr.
  14. Christian Settipani: La Préhistoire des Capétiens. Villeneuve-d'Ascq. 1993. ISBN 978-2-9501509-3-6.
  15. La Vita Hludowici Imperatoris sono due biografie, dalla nascita all'840, dell'imperatore Ludovico il Pio, scritte, in latino, da due monaci, uno anonimo, conosciuto come "l'Astronomo", mentre del secondo si conosce il nome: Thegano.
  16. (LA) Monumenta Germaniae Historica, tomus II: Vita Hludovici imperatoris, p. 635 par. 47, su dmgh.de (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 aprile 2014).
  17. (LA) Monumenta Germaniae Historica, tomus II: Vita Hludovici imperatoris, p. 638 par. 52 Archiviato il 7 gennaio 2014 in Internet Archive.)
  18. Riche 1983, p. 157. (Riche, Pierre (1983). The Carolingians: The Family who forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press.)
  19. Riche, 1983, p. 157.
  20. (LA) Nithardus, Historiae, liber I: par. 8, su thelatinlibrary.com.
  21. Riche 1983, p. 158. (Riche, Pierre (1983). The Carolingians: The Family who forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press.)
  22. Léonce Auzias, L'Aquitaine carolingienne (778-987), éd. Privat, 1937, p. 132.
  23. Jean Chélini, L'Aube du Moyen Âge : naissance de la chrétienté occidentale : la vie religieuse des laïcs dans l'Europe carolingienne (750-900), Picard, 1991, p. 408.
  24. (LA) Ademarus Engolismensis Historiarum, pp. 31-32 par 16
  25. A Worms, nell'839, Ludovico il Pio, oltre che ignorare completamente il nipote Pipino II, al figlio Ludovico assegnò la sola Baviera, per cui l'impero, alla sua morte sarebbe stato diviso praticamente in due parti, con la linea di demarcazione, da nord a sud, che correva lungo la Mosa, sino alla Mosella, a Toul, poi attraversando la Borgogna ed il lago di Ginevra, arrivava alle Alpi, che seguiva sino al mar Mediterraneo. Lotario I, che, oltre al titolo di imperatore, aveva il diritto di prelazione, scelse la parte orientale, e a Carlo il Calvo, toccò la parte occidentale.
  26. Histoires d'Amour de l'Histoire de France, Tome I, 1955, Editions Noir et Blanc.
  27. Irmgard Fees: War Walahfrid Strabo der Lehrer und Erzieher Karls des Kahlen? In: Matthias Thumser. Annegret Wenz-Haubfleisch, Peter Wiegand (Hrsg.): Studien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters. Jürgen Petersohn zum 65. Geburtstag. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1448-4, S. 42–61.
  28. Chisholm 1911, p. 898. (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Charles II". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 897–898.)
  29. (LA) Monumenta Germaniae Historica, tomus I: Ruodolfi Fuldensis Annales, Pag 362, su dmgh.de (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 aprile 2014).
  30. Bradbury 2007, p. 14. (Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328. Hambledon Continuum.)
  31. http://msn.wine21.com/news_view.php?news_section=4&news_seq=28903&page=&keyfield=&keyword= 과거 내용 찾기])]
  32. (anglès) Price Collier, Germany and the Germans, p.81
  33. Nithardus III.5
  34. Bradbury, 2007, p. 14.
  35. Chisholm 1911, pp. 897–898. (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Charles II". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 897–898.)
  36. Goldberg, Eric Joseph. Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876 (en anglès). Cornell University Press, 2006, p. 113. ISBN 080143890X.
  37. Вердёнский договор // Большая советская энциклопедия : в 66 т. (65 т. и 1 доп.) / гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1926—1947.
  38. Michel Parisse, Histoire de la Lorraine : l’époque médiévale, Metz / Nancy, Éd. Serpenoise / Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1990-1995 (ISBN 978-2-86480-220-4, présentation en ligne, lire en ligne), p. 49.
  39. Michel Parisse (1990-1995). Histoire de la Lorraine : l’époque médiévale. Metz / Nancy: Éd. Serpenoise / Presses universitaires de Nancy. p. 49. ISBN 978-2-86480-220-4. Consultado el 19 de octubre de 2020. .
  40. (LA) Annales de Saint-Bertin, Pag 53, su gallica.bnf.fr.
  41. Grosse, Rolf (2014). Du royaume franc aux origines de la France et de l'Allemagne 800–1214. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 50–52.
  42. Rolf Grosse (2014). Du royaume franc aux origines de la France et de l'Allemagne 800–1214. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 50-52.
  43. Abbé Salvan Histoire générale de l'église de Toulouse Delboy, 1856
  44. (LA) Monumenta Germanica Historica, tomus I: Ruodolfi Fuldensis Annales, Pag 364, su dmgh.de.
  45. (LA) Annales Xantenses, Pag 13, su archive.org.
  46. (EN) Nobiltà carolingia - Guillaume, su fmg.ac.
  47. (EN) Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: AQUITAINE - PEPIN (823), su fmg.ac.
  48. (LA) Annales Bertiniani anno 846, pag 64, su gallica.bnf.fr.
  49. (EN) BRITTANY, DUKES & NOBILITY - Nominoë, su fmg.ac.
  50. Carolingian (Frankish) Empire. historyfiles.co.uk (kontsulta data: 2016-05-26).
  51. Devailly, Guy. Le Berry du Xe siècle au milieu du XIIIe (en francès). 2017: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, p. 80. ISBN 3111631060.
  52. (EN) Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: CAROLINGIANS - CHARLES, su fmg.ac.
  53. Léon Levillain, Le sacre de Charles le Chauve à Orléans, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 1903, volume 64, p. 33.
  54. Jean de Pange, Le roi très chrétien, 1949, p. 195.
  55. (LA) Monumenta Germanica Historica, tomus II: Fragmentum Chronici Fontanellensium, Pag 302, su books.google.it.
  56. Joranson, Einar. The Danegeld in France (en anglès). Augustana Book Concern, 1923, p. 182.
  57. Dopo l'853, i nobili aquitani, che non gradivano come re Carlo il Calvo, avevano inviato messaggeri a Ludovico il Germanico per offrirgli la corona d'Aquitania, minacciando che se avesse rifiutato si sarebbero rivolti ai Vichinghi o ai Saraceni. Ludovico il Germanico inviò il figlio, Ludovico il Giovane.
  58. Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde Sismondi Histoire des Français, Volume 3 Treuttel et Würtz, 1821
  59. Claude Charles Fauriel Histoire de la Gaule méridionale sous la domination des conquérants germains Paulin, 1836
  60. Armand Désiré de La Fontenelle de Vaudoré, J. P. Marcou Dufour Histoire des rois et des ducs d'Aquitaine et des comtes de Poitou Derache, 1842
  61. El setge està explicat per Aimó el monjo contemporani del monestir de Saint-Germain des Prés en el seu relat sobre el trasllat (858) de les relíquies dels sants Jordi i Aureli des de territori musulmà a l'abadia de Castres a l'Albigès, escrit a petició de Bernó, abat del monestir que podria ser el mateix que Bernó bisbe de Viviers documentat el 862
  62. Se sap que Carles el Calb va enviar uns missi dominici a fer-se càrrec de la ciutat (abans de l'atac normand) però sembla que es van haver de retirar sense fer res, bé perquè els habitants preferien el domini d'Humfrid o bé perquè el setge ja havia començat.
  63. Orella Unzué, José Luis «Geografías mercantiles vascas en la Edad Moderna: las relaciones mercantiles y marítimas de los vascos con el condado de Normandía durante los siglos XIII-XV» (en castellà). Lurralde, 30, 2007, p. 25-58. ISSN: 1697-3070 [Consulta: 1 maig 2023].
  64. Джонс Г. Викинги. Потомки Одина и Тора. — М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2003. — С. 206—208. — ISBN 5-9524-0402-2.
  65. Carlo si dimostrò attivo nella difesa dei territori, ma dovette subire una mancanza di collaborazione da parte di molti suoi feudatari con cui si trovava in disaccordo
  66. Yves Sassier, Structures du pouvoir, royauté et res publica : France, IXe – XIIe siècles, Publication Univ. Rouen Havre, 2004, p. 17.
  67. Karolis II Plikagalvis. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, T. IX (Juocevičius-Khiva). – Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2006. 469 psl.
  68. Hill, Brian E. (April 2013): Charles the Bald's 'Edict of Pîtres' (864): a Translation and Commentary (PDF), University of Mennestoa (MA thesis)
  69. Knighton, Andrew (31. juli 2016): «8 Brutal Conflicts Between Franks and Vikings», War History Online
  70. Abbo Cernuus; N. Dass, red. (2007): Viking Attacks on Paris: The Bella Parisiacae Urbis of Abbo of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-9-0429-1916-7.
  71. Edictum Pistense 864. In: Alfred Boretius, Victor Krause edd. MGH, Capitularia regum Francorum, 2. Hannover 1897.
  72. Guillaume, Sarah (2010): «Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and the Karolus monogram coinage. A multi-disciplinary study» i: The Numismatic Chronicle 170, s. 227-286
  73. Coupland, Simon (2007): Carolingian Coinage and the Vikings: Studies on Power and Trade in the 9th Century, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., s. IX
  74. Nelson, Janet L. (2014): Charles The Bald, Routledge
  75. «1,150 years of history» Arkivert 15. november 2017 hos Wayback Machine., Monnaie de Paris
  76. Gildas Salaün, « Les deniers carolingiens », Monnaie magazine,‎ juillet 2019, p. 48-53 (ISSN 1626-6145).
  77. Gildas Salaün (juillet 2019). «Les deniers carolingiens». Monnaie magazine (en français): 48-53. ISSN 1626-6145. . | //portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1626-6145
  78. Sénac, Philippe (2002). Les Carolingiens et al-Andalus (VIIIe–IXe siècles). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 131. ISBN 2-7068-1659-7. OCLC 470405780.
  79. Sénac, Philippe (2002). Les Carolingiens et al-Andalus (VIIIe-IXe siècles). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 131. ISBN 2-7068-1659-7. OCLC 470405780.
  80. Robert-Henri Bautier, Sacre et couronnement chez les Carolingiens, Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 35.
  81. Chisholm, 1911, p. 898.
  82. el lloc de Mejan, a la diòcesi de Besiers, fou donat a l'abadia de Sant Tibèri, de la que era abat Adrevald, per una carta datada a Pontion; després a Attigny el 20 de juny donava a un vassall del marquès de nom Isambert, a petició d'Humfrid, el lloc de Ribaute i el de Zébésan, al Narbonès, i el 30 de juny donava el lloc de Donos i alguns feus menors, a un altre vassall de nom Gomesind, també al Narbonès i a petició d'Humfrid.
  83. Robert el Fort hauria lluitat potser al costat dels bretons contra els normands un parell de vegades després del 843 any en què els normands van ocupar Nantes, i la segona vegada el 853 quan van arribar fins Orleans, però mai en aliança amb ells contra el rei
  84. Julia M. H. Smith (1992), Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p.105.
  85. Charles II le Chauve. larousse.fr (kontsulta data: 2016-05-26).
  86. Flach/ori Anc France V4, publié par Ayer Publishing (ISBN 0-8337-1147-4 et 978-0-8337-1147-2).
  87. Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, 2002, p. 439.
  88. havia de ser Sunyer I d'Empúries i Rosselló mort el 848, ja que el seu fill Sunyer II no fou comte d'Empúries i Rosselló fins al 862
  89. els llocs de Villerouge, Védeillan i Anchéran
  90. Aquest Egfrid apareix des de 842 a Tolosa al costat de Guerí de Provença; podria ser de la mateixa família que Wifred o Guifré, comte de Bourges sota Lluís el Pietós però la seva genealogia encara es incerta
  91. Devic i Vaisette donen com a data el dia 6
  92. Histoire de Metz, François-Yves Le Moigne (dir),1986
  93. Nelson 1992, p. 17–18. (Nelson, Janet L. (1992). Charles the Bald. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-05585-7. OCLC 23767726.)
  94. Jean Devisse, Hincmar - Archevêque de Reims, 1976, tome 1, p. 455.
  95. Henderson, Ernest Flagg. A History of Germany in the Middle Ages (en anglès). Bell, 1894, p. 108.
  96. « Les comtés au temps du traité de Meerssen (870) », sur connaitrelawallonie.wallonie.be (consulté le 18 juillet 2021).
  97. Hoyt, Robert Stuart. Europe in the Middle Ages (en anglès). 2a. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966, p. 182.
  98. (LA) Annales Bertiniani, pag 241, su gallica.bnf.fr.
  99. Annales Vedastini; AV 876
  100. Durante il banchetto che a Roma era stato imbandito in suo onore dopo l'incoronazione ad imperatore fu recitato un componimento in versi del poeta romano Giovanni Immonide detto Giovanni Diacono, rifacimento satirico di una vecchia opera intitolata Coena Cypriani.
  101. West-Harling 2018, p. 173. (West-Harling, Veronica (2018). "The Roman Past in the Consciousness of the Roman Elites in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries". In Walter Pohl; Clemens Gantner; Cinzia Grifoni; Marianne Pollheimer-Mohaupt (eds.). Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities. De Gruyter. pp. 173–194. doi:10.1515/9783110598384-013. hdl:10278/3702393. ISBN 978-3110598384. S2CID 242056088.)
  102. West-Harling 2018, стр. 173. (West-Harling, Veronica (2018). „The Roman Past in the Consciousness of the Roman Elites in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries”. Ур.: Walter Pohl; Clemens Gantner; Cinzia Grifoni; Marianne Pollheimer-Mohaupt. Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities. De Gruyter. стр. 173—194. ISBN 9783110598384. doi:10.1515/9783110598384-013. hdl:10278/3702393.)
  103. kath.net, Vatikan zeigt Papst-Thron aus dem ersten Jahrtausend, vom 9. Oktober 2024
  104. Nelson, Janet L. (1992). Charles the Bald. London: Longman Publishing Company. p. 246.
  105. Annales Vedastini; AV 877
  106. BÜHRER-THIERRY, Geneviève ; Charles MÉRIAUX, La France avant la France, 481-888, Paris, Belin, 2010, 687 p. (ISBN 978-2-7011-3358-4), Chapitre VIII. De la fondation à la fin de l'Empire, ps 329-371.
  107. Donado & Echevarría (2014), p. 200
  108. BÜHRER-THIERRY, Geneviève ; Charles MÉRIAUX (2010). La France avant la France, 481-888 (en francés). Paris: Belin. p. 687. ISBN 978-2-7011-3358-4. .
  109. Jean-Joseph Julaud, L'Histoire de France pour les nuls, 2009, p. 35.
  110. Nelson 1996, p. 53-66.
  111. Claude Charles Fauriel, Histoire de la Gaule méridionale sous la domination des conquérants, 1836, p. 393.
  112. Frans Theuws, Janet Laughland Nelson (ed.), Rituals of Powers: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, p. 164
  113. « Apparition de Charles le Chauve et sa mise en sépulture à Saint-Denis », sur culture.fr via Wikiwix.
  114. Janet L. Nelson, « La mort de Charles le Chauve », Médiévales, Presses Universitaire de Vincennes, vol. 15, no 31,‎ 1996, p. 53–66 (DOI 10.3406/medi.1996.1367, lire en ligne, consulté le 13 septembre 2026)
  115. "Cuve dite 'de Dagobert '". Musée du Louvre.
  116. Blaise de Montesquiou-Fezensac, « Le tombeau de Charles le Chauve à Saint-Denis », Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France, Persée - Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS, vol. 1963, no 1,‎ 1965, p. 84–88 (DOI 10.3406/bsnaf.1965.6916, lire en ligne, consulté le 14 septembre 2026).
  117. Este artigo incorpora texto (em inglês) da Encyclopædia Britannica (11.ª edição), publicação em domínio público.
  118. 一说卡洛曼继承了皇位，可是没有确切的历史证据。历史学家们一般不把他看做皇帝；只被列为了非正统皇帝。
  119. Hans Meyer: Geschichte der abendländischen Weltanschauung. Band III: Die Weltanschauung des Mittelalters. Würzburg 1948, S. 36 ff.
  120. Karol II Łysy (król zachodniofrankijski 848–877, cesarz rzymski 875–877) [online], TwojaHistoria.pl [dostęp 2023-06-25] (pol.).
  121. Paul EdwardP.E. Dutton Paul EdwardP.E., Herbert L.H.L. Kessler Herbert L.H.L., The Poetry and Paintings of the First Bible of Charles the Bald .
  122. Jean-Pierre & Yan-Chim Jost, Le castor : Ingénieux bâtisseur. Éditions Cabedita, 2011.
  123. Cantor, Norman F. (1993): The Civilization of the Middle Ages, s. 186.
  124. Pecksmith, Robert (2024). "A King Praises Himself: The Letters of Charles the Bald to Pope Hadrian II". The English Historical Review. 139 (597): 301–325. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceae104. ISSN 0013-8266.
  125. Nelson 1992, p. 13. (Nelson, Janet L. (1992). Charles the Bald. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-05585-7. OCLC 23767726.)
  126. Nelson (1992), s. 13.
  127. Boshof, Egon (2001): «Karl der Kahle — novus Karolus magnus?» i: Erkens, Franz-Reiner: Karl der Große und das Erbe der Kulturen: Akten des 8. Symposiums des Mediävistenverbandes, Walter de Gruyter, s. 135.
  128. Nelson, Janet, "Charles the Bald" (Essex, 1992) p. 13.
  129. Lebe 2003. (Lebe, Reinhard (2003). War Karl der Kahle wirklich kahl? Historische Beinamen und was dahintersteckt. Dt. Taschenbuch-Verlag.)
  130. Lebe (2003)
  131. Thomas Schuld, « Reinhard Lebe, War Karl der Kahle wirklich kahl? », Geschichte in Köln, vol. 29, no 1,‎ 1er décembre 1991, p. 166–167 (ISSN 0720-3659 et 2198-0667, DOI 10.7788/gik.1991.29.1.166).
  132. Henri Leblanc-Ginet, Histoire des rois de France, 1997, p. 38.
  133. Dutton 2008. (Dutton, Paul E. (2008). Charlemagne's Mustache. Palgrave Macmillan.)
  134. Dutton (2008).
  135. Dutton, Paul E, Charlemagne's Mustache
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