Czechoslovakian Wolfdog

Origins and Biological Experiment

In 1955, an experimental biological breeding project began in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic under the leadership of Colonel Ing. Karel Hartl, head of the cynology service of the Border Guard (Pohraniční stráž), in collaboration with cynologist Heiri Machat and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} The goal was to examine reciprocal hybridization between the German Shepherd and the Carpathian grey wolf (Canis lupus lupus).^[6][7] The military sought to create service dogs adapted to the demanding environmental conditions of the Czechoslovak state borders with West Germany and Austria, characterized by high mountain altitudes, heavy snow, and severe cold.^[6][8][9] Researchers investigated interspecific genetics, biometrics, reproductive cycles, and whether crossing could improve canine stamina, health, and resistance without sacrificing trainability and pack mentality.^{[4][5][6][10]}

The scientific programme examined conditional reflex formation, endogenous activity patterns, and social behaviour in wolves, dogs, and their hybrid offspring.^[6] While original experimental intentions aimed at scientific inquiry and the potential revitalization of the German Shepherd rather than establishing an entirely new breed, the results fostered interest in developing a uniform working dog.^[4][6] Early civilian and military specialists tracked whether fertility could be maintained across reciprocal pairings, confirming that both male dog to female wolf and male wolf to female dog produced viable, fertile offspring.^[10]

Initial Matings and First Litters

The initial mating trials took place at the military breeding station in Libějovice in the South Bohemian Region.^[9][11] A wild Carpathian wolf bitch named Brita was selected as one of four foundation wolves.^[4][8] Initial attempts to mate Brita with chosen German Shepherd studs failed repeatedly.^[8][9] Brita attacked the selected male dogs, biting one experienced stud severely on the neck and tearing away flesh.^[8] In 1958, an aggressive and dominant sable German Shepherd male named Cézar z Březového háje entered her enclosure while she was in estrus, and mating occurred.^[8][11] Cézar z Březového háje was later destroyed after attacking his military handler.^[8]

The first hybrid litter resulting from Brita and Cézar z Březového háje was born in Libějovice on 26 May 1958.^{[4][8][11][12]} This litter consisted of five puppies, comprising one male and four females. Two female puppies from this litter, designated as first filial generation (F1) hybrids named Bety and Berta, were retained for subsequent breeding trials. However, accounts of this initial birth date vary across sources: Polish records state that the first litter was whelped on 26 April 1955 through collaboration between military personnel and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.^[5] Later Chinese summaries describe the first mating occurring in 1965 in the Soviet Union between an Eurasian wolf and a German Shepherd bitch.^[13] Georgian texts record crosses beginning as early as 1855.

Military Breeding Stations and Filial Research

Implementation of the hybridization project commenced systematically in 1957 across several specialized military breeding stations (chovatelské stanice, CHS), each assigned dedicated research responsibilities. The stations at Libějovice, Grabštejn, and Malacky monitored biological aspects, including estrus cycles, mating behavior, gestation lengths, litter sizes, training potential, and generational endogenous activity.^[6] The station in Volary investigated the social behaviour and group interactions of the hybrids.^[6] In Karlovy Vary, researchers evaluated the psychological effect of rearing hybrids individually compared to rearing them alongside purebred German Shepherd puppies. The Cheb station conducted comparative biometric measurements of physical proportions between hybrids and German Shepherds, while the Bratislava Brigade station at Šamorín tracked generational differences between backcross stages.

First filial generation (F1) puppies resembled wolves in appearance and behaviour, showing shyness, a tendency to flee, and aggression when their flight distance was breached. Rearing F1 individuals was difficult, and although they could be trained, the results hardly matched the effort spent. Second filial generation (F2) animals were fully trainable if they were taken from the litter in time and raised individually. Although playful and requiring prolonged training up to two years of age, F2 dogs proved trainable and demonstrated scent tracking capabilities. The majority of third (F3) and fourth (F4) filial generation dogs successfully completed standard military training courses and were assigned to active border guard service. By the fourth generation, the proportion of wolf genetic heritage was reduced to 6.25 percent.^[4]

Foundation Bloodlines and Later Wolf Crosses

The genetic foundation of the breed rested on four primary ancestral lines combining four Carpathian wolves with working German Shepherds.^[4][5][8] The first line originated from the wolf Brita and Cézar z Březového háje, producing the females Bety and Berta. At the Šamorín station, Berta raised several generations of second filial generation hybrids, and of her puppies the female Osa and the males Old and Odin were used in further breeding, their genes also reaching the first civilian breeders. Descendants of Osa formed a genetic foundation comprising 66 dogs and 40 bitches. The second line was established by pairing Brita with a different German Shepherd male, Kurt z Václavky, producing a litter of six puppies on 21 May 1960 that included the stud dog Bikar.^[4]

The third line was established in 1968 at the police breeding station in Býchory by mating a male Carpathian wolf named Argo with a German Shepherd police bitch named Asta z SNB.^[4] The male Ink z SNB and his sister Bara z PS from this cross were used for further breeding at the Malacky station. In 1974 another wolf, named Šarik, was added to the breeding programme. In 1977, Šarik was mated with a third-generation hybrid female named Xela z pohraniční stráže, and he subsequently sired a litter with another service bitch, Urta z pohraniční stráže.^[4] Overall, 48 working German Shepherd dogs and four wild wolves constituted the founder base of the breed.^[5]

Final Introgression and Genetic Analysis

The final introduction of wolf blood occurred in 1983 at Libějovice.^[4][9] A wolf bitch named Lejdy from the Hluboká Zoo was mated with a German Shepherd male named Bojar von Shottenhof (also recorded as Bojar von Schotterhof, born 13 March 1975).^[4][8] On 26 April 1983, Lejdy whelped a litter that included the male Kazan z Pohraniční stráže, who was incorporated directly into the breeding program.^[8] Kazan demonstrated tracking ability, passed the official Czechoslovak working dog trial (Gebrauchshundprüfung), and performed successfully in obedience and protection duties.^[8] Following this cross, the studbook was closed to further lupine blood, and subsequent breeding continued exclusively within the closed hybrid population.^[4][9]

In 2015, a DNA study investigated the genetic architecture of the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog by comparing its genome against German Shepherds and wild Carpathian wolves.^{[14][15][16][17]} The analysis identified only two maternal mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) haplotypes and two paternal Y-chromosome DNA (yDNA) haplotypes within the breed.^{[14][15][16][17]} Both maternal mDNA haplotypes and one paternal yDNA haplotype originated directly from German Shepherds as a consequence of repeated backcrossing.^{[14][15][16][17]} The second paternal yDNA haplotype proved unique to the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, while all four haplotypes differed from those of contemporary parental reference populations.^{[14][15][16][17]} These findings confirmed limited introgression of lupine alleles within a higher proportion of the canine genome.^{[14][15][16][17]}

Transition to Civilian Breeding and Recognition

In the late 1960s, administrative changes within the Czechoslovak Border Guard altered the breed trajectory.^[6] Following a leadership change in 1968, the official military crossbreeding program was ordered to stop.^[6] Breeding in the Czech territory ceased completely after the final litter was born in 1971, and no new litters were produced in Czech kennels for the following ten years.^[6] At one point the animals were to be killed, and some were.^[8] However, breeding stock had been transferred to Slovakia, where Major František Rosík and members of the Bratislava Border Guard Brigade preserved the dogs at Malacky and expanded the population.^[6] Rosík organized breeding lines and maintained civilian interest, creating the population base required for breed recognition.^[6]

Initial attempts by Karel Hartl to establish a civilian breed club and achieve official registration were rejected by the communist National Front and Svazarm (Union for Cooperation with the Army) in 1966 and 1970.^[6] Progress resumed in 1981 when the Czech Breeders Association (ČSCH) agreed to enter the Czechoslovak Wolfdog into its studbook in Prague.^[5][6] In 1982, the national Club of Czechoslovakian Wolfdog Breeders (Klub chovatelů československého vlčáka) was founded in Brno with its administrative headquarters in Prague.^[5][18] That same year, the Federal Committee of Breeder Associations of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic recognized the animal as a national breed under the name Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, formally replacing its earlier working designation, the Czech Wolfdog.^{[1][2][3][4][10]} Puppies were re-imported from Slovakia into the Czech lands to expand civilian breeding.^[6]

International Cynological Federation Recognition

Application materials for recognition were prepared together with the central dog breeders' commission of the Czech Breeders Association (ČSCH), where Jan Findejs in particular steadily supported the new breed. In 1988, the Standards Commission of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) recommended approval of the proposed standard. Represented by Petr Dvořák, the Czechoslovak delegation presented the standard to the FCI General Assembly in Helsinki, which voted on 13 June 1989 to grant provisional recognition under standard number 332.^[19] The breed was classified into Group 1 (Sheepdogs and Cattledogs), Section 1 (Sheepdogs), subject to working trials.^[19][20][21] At the 1990 World Dog Show in Brno, international World Winner titles were awarded to the breed for the first time, evaluated by founder and international judge Karel Hartl.

Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech-Moravian Cynological Union (ČMKU) and the Slovak Cynological Union (SKJ) signed an agreement on 4 July 1993 transferring the official breed patronage to the Slovak Republic.^{[4][5][22][23]} Czechoslovakia was recognized as the country of origin.^[4][19] Both successor countries took part in preparing the documentation for the FCI, as they had committed to do in a treaty signed on 20 January 1996. At the FCI General Assembly in Mexico on 1 June 1999, SKJ President Štefan Štefík submitted the petition, and the FCI granted definitive recognition.^[4][5][24] The confirmation entitled dogs to compete for international beauty (CACIB) and working (CACIT) championships.^[4] The last revision of the standard was published in 1999; according to Czech accounts, the Czech side did not approve it, and the standard was changed without its consent.^[4]

Demographics and Other Kennel Registries

Outside the FCI, the American Kennel Club added the Czechoslovakian Vlciak to its Foundation Stock Service (FSS) and published a formal breed standard in 2024.^[25][26] The United Kennel Club (UKC) also recognized the breed within its Herding Dog group.^[27] Population levels have shifted across Europe: in 2012, official Czech studbooks registered 168 breeding bitches and 170 dogs.^[14][15][16] By 2014, annual registrations of puppies reached approximately 200 in Italy, 100 in the Czech Republic, and 50 in Slovakia.^[4] In Italy, annual registrations climbed from 336 puppies in 2004 to 485 in 2008, 1,030 in 2012, and 1,024 in 2013. In Finland, roughly 300 dogs were registered by the mid-2020s, with a few dozen puppies whelped annually between 2020 and 2025.^[28][29] Global population estimates reached approximately 2,500 individuals.

Physical Appearance and Conformation

The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog is a dog above medium size, characterized by a firm rectangular silhouette with a ratio of body length to withers height of 10:9 (index 111) or slightly less.^{[4][7][18][30]} The breed displays pronounced sexual dimorphism in physical proportions and cranial expression.^[22][31] Male dogs must measure at least 65 cm at the withers, typically reaching 65 to 75 cm, and must weigh a minimum of 26 kg.^[4][7][22] Females must measure at least 60 cm at the withers, commonly reaching 65 cm or more, with a minimum weight of 20 kg.^[4][7][22] The standard establishes no upper limit for height or weight.^[4][30] The overall physical frame is lean, muscular, and dry, adapted for prolonged trotting and environmental endurance.^[7][22]

The head is symmetrical, well-muscled, and shaped like a blunt wedge when viewed from above and the sides.^[7] The skull exhibits a slightly arched forehead with a faintly defined frontal furrow and an occipital protuberance. The ratio of muzzle length to skull length is 1:1.5, terminating in a clean, narrow snout with tight black lips and an oval black nose.^[7] The eyes are narrow, obliquely positioned, and light amber in coloration, with closely fitting eyelids.^[4][7][30] The ears are erect, short, thin, and triangular, measuring no more than one-sixth of the dog's height at the withers.^[7][30] The jaws are symmetrical and powerful, holding a full complement of 42 teeth meeting in a scissor or pincer bite.^[7]

Trunk, Limbs, and Locomotion

The neck is muscular and long enough for the dog to bring its nose to the ground easily, and it passes in a smooth arc into the body. The topline is straight and level from the defined withers across the firm, broad back.^[4] The loins are short, slightly arched, and moderately developed, while the croup is short and horizontal or slightly sloping. The chest is pear-shaped and spacious, flat rather than barrel-shaped, and does not reach below the elbows. The belly is taut, firm, and tucked up along the flanks. The tail is set high; when hanging at rest, it reaches the hock joint, but when excited or running, it is carried raised in a sickle curve.^[4][30]

The forelimbs are straight, dry, and positioned relatively close together, characterized by long arm and metacarpal bones.^[4][7] The foreleg length from ground to elbow equals approximately 55 percent of the withers height.^[7] The front stance is narrow, with the front paws slightly turned outward.^[4] The hind limbs are muscular, with a long lower thigh and long metatarsals. The paws are moderately arched, with long, arched toes. The skin is elastic and springy, without pigmentation or folds. The nails are strong and black.

Movement in the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog is harmonious, light, and ground-covering, characterized by an extended stride where the feet appear to skim the surface.^[4][7] Typical movement patterns encompass the walk, amble, pace, trot, canter, and gallop.^[7] During the two-beat pace and spacious trot, the dog demonstrates single-tracking (sznurowanie), placing footfalls along a narrow centerline.^[7] The breed is an endurance trotter: during early testing, conditioned hybrids completed a 100-kilometer trial at an average velocity of 11 to 13 kilometers per hour without showing exhaustion or asymmetric foot pad abrasions.^[4]

Coat Texture and Coloration

The coat is straight, close-fitting, and dense, consisting of a distinct double layer.^[7][30] Winter and summer coats differ significantly: in cold months, a dense undercoat develops across the body, neck, belly, inner thighs, scrotum, inner ear surfaces, and interdigital spaces.^[7][32][33] Scientific hair analysis reveals that the coat contains up to five distinct structural hair types, providing thermal insulation against wind and sub-zero temperatures.^[32] In summer, the undercoat sheds heavily, leaving a thinner, flatter outer coat.^[7] The topcoat forms a protective mantle that repels moisture and shields against cold.^[7][32]

Coat coloration ranges from yellowish-grey to silver-grey, with wolf-grey shading extending across the entire body.^[4][7][33] A prominent light or white lupoid facial mask is an essential breed trait, marking the muzzle, chin, and throat.^[4][7][33] Light hair also appears on the lower neck and the frontal portion of the chest.^[4][7] Standard specifications allow dark grey body coloring, provided the light facial mask is present.^[4][7][33]

Temperament and Social Behaviour

The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog inherits strong pack instincts and an acute sense of social hierarchy.^[33][34] The dog forms an attachment to its master and develops social bonds with all members of the owner's household.^{[7][10][33][35]} It exhibits protective behavior toward the family group and frequently accords children a privileged position, tolerating behaviors it would reject from adults or other canines.^[35] However, it remains aloof, reserved, and suspicious toward strangers, requiring time to establish trust.^{[7][10][35][36]} While devoted, the breed retains independence and emotional sensitivity, requiring experienced handlers capable of establishing fair, stable leadership.^{[34][37][38][39]}

Inherited lupine reproductive behaviors manifest in the breed's social interactions and mate selection.^[40] Male and female wolfdogs that live together frequently form enduring, lifelong partnerships.^[40] In many cases, a male paired continuously with a specific female displays gallantry toward her and may refuse to mate with other bitches, demonstrating strong pair-bonding instincts rarely seen in domestic breeds.^[40] Females show a strong maternal instinct. Furthermore, females typically experience estrus only once per calendar year, matching the reproductive cycle of wild wolves.

Sensory Capabilities and Trainability

In the breeding trials, most hybrids of the third and fourth generations showed better orientation, night vision, hearing and sense of smell than dogs. During physiological trials conducted with the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, researchers recorded a bimodal 24-hour endogenous activity curve showing distinct morning and evening peaks. The intensity of activity in wolves and hybrids was far higher than the values recorded in dogs. This sensory vigilance makes the dog reactive to minor environmental shifts, though it can hinder sustained focus during artificial sports exercises.^[31]

Training the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog presents distinct challenges compared to standard working breeds like the German Shepherd.^[33] The breed exhibits what cynologists describe as purposeful behaviour (účelové chování), meaning the dog will not perform tasks without clear justification or tangible motivation.^[35] Repetitive drilling causes rapid fatigue, loss of motivation, and refusal to comply.^[35] Harsh physical coercion or drill methods are counterproductive; handlers must use positive motivation, food rewards, and variable routines.^[35] Successful training requires patience, consistency, and an understanding of lupine psychology, making the breed unsuitable for novice owners.^[37][38][39]

Communication and Prey Drive

Barking is an unnatural and infrequent mode of expression for the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog.^[35][40] In place of barking, the breed employs an extensive communication system involving body posture, facial mimicry, and a diverse range of subtle vocalisations, including grunts, whines, whimpers, and growls.^[35][40] When separated from its owner or canine companion, an isolated wolfdog frequently produces long, carrying howls to call its pack across great distances.^[40] Because it is very vocal, the breed may not be suited to living in a city.^[9]

A pronounced predatory drive is an enduring trait of the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog.^[9][35][37] When raised with family cats, small dogs, or domestic stock from early puppyhood, it learns to coexist peacefully and integrates them into its pack.^[33][35] However, unfamiliar animals encountered outside the territory, including neighborhood cats, birds, and small wildlife, trigger chasing and hunting responses.^[33][35] Handlers must channel and manage this prey drive during early development to prevent aggression toward small animals.^[9][35] Adults of the same sex can also show territorial intolerance, necessitating careful socialisation around unfamiliar adult dogs.^[9][33]

Working Roles and Endurance Testing

Developed specifically for the Czechoslovak Border Guard, the wolfdog served along the perimeter fence separating the Eastern Bloc from West Germany and Austria.^[6][8] Patrol dogs guarded mountain passes in deep snow and sub-zero temperatures, tracking trespassers across rugged terrain.^[8] However, early generations displayed inconsistent service utility: while third- and fourth-generation hybrids demonstrated endurance, scent tracking, and border patrol capability, many individuals exhibited wolf-typical shyness toward strangers or unpredictable aggression when cornered.^[8] Consequently, the military phased out widespread deployment after 1971, allowing civilian breeders to redirect the breed toward tracking, guarding, and multi-purpose sports.^[6]

Working evaluation for the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog prioritizes stamina, locomotion, and athletic capability.^[31] Under Slovak breeding regulations, completing a 40-kilometer endurance running trial is a mandatory prerequisite for breeding approval.^[31] The FCI recognizes this 40-kilometer test as an official working examination, granting qualifying dogs the working certificate required to attain the title of International Beauty Champion (C.I.B.).^[31] Successful completion of extended endurance runs covering 70 kilometers and 100 kilometers authorizes dogs to receive the title of International Working Champion (C.I.P.).^[31] These tests verify the dog's cardiac endurance, joint health, and resilient foot pads under prolonged trotting.^[31]

Beyond endurance running, the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog participates in dog sports, including Schutzhund, tracking, obedience, agility, drafting, dog trekking, and ski touring.^[8][27][31] The breed has been used in civil protection and search-and-rescue (SAR) work.^[41] In the United Kingdom, individuals have worked in specialized search-and-rescue units.^[41] Dogs of the breed have also been used in civil protection, alpine rescue (soccorso alpino) and other rescue work, alongside the Lupo Italiano.

Health and Genetic Conditions

The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog possesses robust constitutional health inherited from its wild ancestors, with low susceptibility to common domestic diseases.^[42] Reported lifespan estimates vary across national registries: a Finnish kennel study evaluating dogs that died between 2015 and 2025 recorded an average life expectancy of approximately 9 years, with old age and musculoskeletal disorders cited as primary causes of death.^[43] Polish cynological statistics report an average lifespan of 12 years.^[42] Ukrainian and Latvian authorities give 12 to 14 years, while other national editions report ranges of 12 to 15, 12 to 16, or 12 to 18 years.^[44] Bitches usually come into heat only once a year.

Orthopedic disorders represent a significant veterinary concern in the breed, led by canine hip dysplasia (HD).^[43][45] Data from the Finnish Kennel Club reveal that only 52 percent of evaluated wolfdogs possess completely healthy hip joints (grades A or B), while 19 percent suffer from moderate to severe hip dysplasia (grades D or E).^[43] In contrast, elbow dysplasia (ED) is rare, affecting only 1 percent of Finnish dogs.^[43] The breed also exhibits lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV), a congenital spinal malformation involving anomalous lumbar-sacral vertebrae.^[45][46] Asymmetrical LTV formations correlate with hip joint malformations, back pain, and posterior weakness.^[46][47] Under the Finnish PEVISA breeding program, mandatory radiographic evaluations for hips, elbows, and spines are enforced prior to mating.^[48][49]

The breed can carry inherited disorders, including one that comes from its German Shepherd ancestry.^[42][45] Degenerative myelopathy (DM), a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the spinal cord, is linked to a recessive genetic mutation found in German Shepherds.^[45] Not all genetically predisposed individuals develop clinical symptoms, and carrier status is identified through commercial DNA tests.^[45] Pituitary dwarfism (DW) also occurs, caused by abnormal pituitary gland development and a congenital deficiency in growth hormone.^[45] Inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, affected dogs exhibit stunted growth and short life expectancies.^[45] Polish records indicate that carrier frequencies exist for DM, DW, and HD, though active clinical disease incidence remains below 5 percent.^[42]

Routine coat care is uncomplicated, as the guard hair possesses a natural, water- and dirt-repelling structure often described as self-cleaning.^[42] Dogs rarely require bathing or cosmetic grooming, though extensive daily combing with specialized rakes is required during seasonal shedding periods to extract dead undercoat.^[42] Basic maintenance includes periodic ear inspections and nail trimming when exercise occurs on soft surfaces.^[42] While wolfdogs thrive in sub-zero winter temperatures, their dense undercoat makes them susceptible to heat stroke in warm weather.^[7][32] Owners must avoid leaving dogs in enclosed vehicles or unshaded areas during summer and provide immediate cooling and veterinary care if overheating occurs.

Legal Status and Regulations

Legal classifications governing the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog differ across jurisdictions.^[50] In Norway, the breed is banned under the national regulation on dangerous dogs.^[50][51] In the Swiss canton of Ticino, the breed is on the list of potentially dangerous dog breeds (Rasseliste), and keeping one requires a permit.

In contrast, French legislation treats the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog as a domestic canine.^[52][53] The French ministerial decree of 19 May 2000 mandates prefectural authorization for holding pure wolves or early-generation wolf-dog hybrids possessing recent wild ancestry.^[52] Because the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog is recognized internationally as an established domestic breed in FCI Group 1, Section 1, it is entirely exempt from hybrid permits.^[52][53] Furthermore, it is not categorized as a Category 1 or Category 2 dangerous dog under French law, meaning owners are not legally required to muzzle the dog or adhere to extraordinary leash constraints in public areas beyond those applying to ordinary domestic dogs.^[52][53]

Notable Dogs and Cultural References

In 2026, a Czechoslovakian Wolfdog named Nazgul attracted international media coverage during the 2026 Winter Olympics.^[54][55][56] Nazgul escaped from his kennel and ran onto the official Olympic cross-country skiing course while the qualification round for the women's cross-country skiing team sprint was underway.^[54][55][56] The incident was widely reported in international media.^[54][56]

According to the Avesta, a collection of sacred texts, Zarathustra said that whoever mates a dog with a wolf sins against the dog. In modern cynology, the breed represents an intentional crossbreeding initiative that evolved from a military biological experiment into an internationally recognized pedigree dog.^{[4][5][6][57]}

References

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16. SMETANOVÁ, Milena; ČERNÁ BOLFÍKOVÁ, Barbora; RANDI, Ettore; CANIGLIA, Romolo; FABBRI, Elena; GALAVERNI, Marco; KUTAL, Miroslav. PubMed. From Wolves to Dogs, and Back: Genetic Composition of the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog. PloS One. 7. 3. 2015, s. e0143807. Dostupné online. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143807. PMID 26636975. Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
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