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Contents
  1. (Top)
  2. Origins and family
  3. Early career and senatorial service
  4. Provincial governorships and consulship
  5. Accession to the throne
  6. Reign and domestic policy
  7. Popular opposition and provincial revolts
  8. Defense of Rome and advance of Severus
  9. Fall and death
  10. Historical assessment
  11. References
Didius Julianus
Didius Julianus
Reign28 March – 1 or 2 June 193
Full nameMarcus Didius Severus Julianus
PredecessorPertinax
SuccessorSeptimius Severus
Born29 or 30 January 133, or 2 February 137
Died1 or 2 June 193 (aged 56 or 60)
SpouseManlia Scantilla
IssueDidia Clara

Marcus Didius Julianus was Roman emperor for nine weeks from 28 March to 1 or 2 June 193, during the Year of the Five Emperors.[1][2] He achieved a prominent senatorial career under Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, governing multiple provinces and defeating Germanic incursions.[3] After the Praetorian Guard assassinated his predecessor Pertinax, Julianus acquired the imperial office, according to Cassius Dio, by outbidding Titus Flavius Sulpicianus at an auction in the Praetorian camp.[4][5] His accession was followed by revolts in the provinces, culminating in his overthrow and execution by Septimius Severus.[6][7]

Origins and family

Information concerning the ancestors of Didius Julianus derives largely from the biography attributed to Aelius Spartianus in the Historia Augusta.[8][9] The Didius family belonged to the Insubres, a Gallic people settled in Transpadane Gaul around Mediolanum (modern Milan), who had received Roman citizenship in 49 BC.[8][10] His father was Quintus Petronius Didius Severus, a senator from a leading Mediolanum household.[11][12] An inscription from Rome (CIL VI 2010a 24) possibly records his father's name.[8] His mother was Clara Aemilia, who came from the colony of Hadrumetum in the Roman province of Africa and belonged to a consular family.[9][11][12] However, some modern historians suggest that her African origin was an invention intended to compromise Julianus's memory, arguing that she was connected by birth to Transpadane Brixia and the Roman aristocracy.[13]

Aelius Spartianus claimed that Julianus's maternal great-grandfather was Publius Salvius Julianus, twice consul, urban prefect, and one of the most prominent jurists of Hadrian's reign.[14][15] Modern scholars point out that the chronological gap between the two men spans only one generation rather than three, making it more probable that Salvius Julianus was Julianus's maternal uncle.[12][16] Another hypothesis suggests that Spartianus confused Salvius Julianus with Lucius Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius Reginus, twice consul and urban prefect, who was the maternal great-grandfather of Marcus Aurelius.[17] Under this interpretation, Didius Julianus would have been a second cousin of Marcus Aurelius, which would explain some features of his career. Ancient sources consistently describe Julianus as an aristocrat of high standing, referring primarily to his maternal lineage.[8][18][19]

Julianus had two brothers: Didius Proculus and Nummius Albinus.[11][20] The difference in names suggests that Nummius may have been adopted into another family, or was Clara Aemilia's son from a second marriage to a member of the Nummii, possibly Marcus Nummius Attidius Tuscus, a legate to the proconsul of Asia.[20] Little is known about the later lives of either brother.[21] Cornelius Repentinus, who later married Julianus's daughter and was adopted by him, was presumably the son of one of these brothers.[22] Around the late 150s or early 160s, Julianus married Manlia Scantilla, a Roman woman who may have been connected to the ancient patrician gens Manlia.[23][24] Accounts of their children differ: some name a single daughter, Didia Clara, while another records two daughters, Didia Clara and a second whose name is unknown.[23][25][26]

Early career and senatorial service

Julianus was raised in the household of Domitia Lucilla (also called Domitia Calvilla), the mother of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.[8][27][28] Because Marcus Aurelius was adopted by Antoninus Pius in 139 as an imperial heir, this close connection placed Julianus inside the extended imperial circle.[8][28] Domitia Lucilla's patronage supported Julianus's entry into public life at a young age.[8][29] Around 151 he was appointed to the vigintivirate (or vigintisexviri), the initial office of the senatorial cursus honorum.[24][29] He served as a military tribune in a legion around 153, a post attested in only one inscription, though another account dates it to around 156 or 157.[24][30]

With the continued support of Domitia Lucilla, Julianus attained the quaestorship before the statutory minimum age, entering the Senate around 156 or 157 during the reign of Antoninus Pius.[24][31][32] He then held the office of aedile, no earlier than 161, and advanced to praetor around 162 or 163, largely through the intercession and imperial favor of Marcus Aurelius.[33][34][35] During the mid-160s, Julianus served as a proconsular legate in Achaea (around 165 or 166) and subsequently in Africa (around 167 to 169), assisting the provincial governors.[36][37]

Around 170, Julianus was appointed commander (legatus legionis) of the Legio XXII Primigenia, stationed at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz) in Germania Superior, guarding the central Rhine frontier against Germanic tribes.[38][39] Some historians have suggested that his biographer may have confused this posting with one held by Salvius Julianus, though the command remains widely accepted.[40]

Provincial governorships and consulship

In 170 or 171, Julianus became the governor (praefectus) of Gallia Belgica, a post he held for five years according to some accounts.[41][42] Other accounts give a term of three years.[3][43] One gives his title as legatus Augusti pro praetore and dates the post from 172 to 175.[41][43][44][45] During his tenure, around 172 to 174, the Chauci, a Germanic tribe dwelling along the lower Weser and the North Sea coast, launched a sea-borne invasion of the province.[41][45][46] Because Gallia Belgica lacked permanent legionary garrisons, Julianus improvised defensive forces and successfully drove back the invaders.[3][47] Archaeological excavations at the Roman camp of Maldegem in East Flanders have uncovered fortifications associated with these defensive operations.[47] He also conducted operations against the Chatti during this period.[43][48][49] In recognition of his military successes, Marcus Aurelius rewarded him with a suffect consulship in 175, alongside Publius Helvius Pertinax, who would later become emperor.[43][50][51]

Following his consulship, Julianus served as governor of Dalmatia, holding the office around 176 or 178 to 179.[52][53][54] There he conducted military operations to suppress armed bands.[55] According to one view, his opponents were barbarian peoples resettled by Marcus Aurelius in Moesia who had used the disruptions of the Marcomannic Wars to conduct raids; another view holds that he fought brigand bands that had expanded across the Balkans during the conflict.[53][55][56]

Around 180 or 181, under Emperor Commodus, Julianus succeeded Salvius Julianus as governor of Germania Inferior, serving until about 184 or 185.[54][57][58] Archaeological evidence indicates significant construction during his administration, including the reconstruction of the governor's residence (praetorium) in Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (modern Cologne) and the reinforcement of military camps along the Rhine border, including stone fortifications at the Nigrum Pullum auxiliary camp, intended to counter further incursions by the Chauci.[59]

After returning to Italy, Julianus was appointed prefect in charge of the public food and maintenance distribution system (praefectus alimentorum or curia alimentorum), managing funds established by Trajan for the poor and orphan children of Italian citizens.[57][60][61] Modern historians interpret this appointment as a demotion orchestrated by Commodus, who feared Julianus's growing power.[61][62] During this period, Julianus was implicated in the political trials surrounding the conspiracy of Lucilla, the emperor's sister.[63] Salvius Julianus and other prominent figures were executed, but Didius Julianus was acquitted of charges of plotting against Commodus, while his accuser was punished.[57][63] Nevertheless, Julianus withdrew into temporary exile in his native Mediolanum.[63]

Within two or three years, Julianus returned to imperial favor.[64] He was appointed governor of Bithynia and Pontus around 185 to 189.[32][64][65] Around 189 or 190, he succeeded Pertinax as proconsul of the prestigious senatorial province of Africa.[64][66][67] Pertinax reportedly referred to Julianus as his colleague and prospective successor, an anecdote later viewed as an omen.[56][68] While serving in Africa, Julianus presided over the trial of Lucius Septimius Severus on a charge of adultery and acquitted him.[69][70] Some historians have suggested that he governed Sicily in 189, though Sextus Aurelius Victor's claim that he was urban prefect before taking the throne is generally dismissed by scholars because the post was customarily reserved for senior equestrian or different administrative figures.[71][72] By early 193, Julianus had retired from official postings and lived in Rome as a wealthy private consular senator.[73][74]

Accession to the throne

On 28 March 193, Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by mutinous soldiers of the Praetorian Guard after a reign of only 87 days.[4][75] The guards retreated to their fortified barracks (Castra Praetoria), barred the gates, and placed guards upon the walls to await public reaction.[68][76] When no widespread uprising occurred, the soldiers decided to sell the imperial title to whichever candidate offered the highest donative.[4][76] Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, the urban prefect and father-in-law of Pertinax, who had already been dispatched to the camp to pacify the troops, began negotiating and making bids for their allegiance.[77][78]

According to Cassius Dio, Julianus learned of the vacancy while attending a banquet.[79] Urged by his dinner companions and family members, including the praetorian tribunes Vettius Aper and Publicius Florianus, he rushed to the Praetorian camp.[79] Finding the gates closed against him, Julianus began shouting counter-offers from outside the wall while Sulpicianus bargained from within.[80][81] Guards moved between the competitors, relaying their bids.[80][82] Sulpicianus reached a bid of 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per guard.[5][83] Fearing that his rival was close to winning, Julianus raised the offer to 25,000 sesterces (6,250 denarii) per soldier, displaying the number on his fingers and shouting it loudly.[5][83]

Herodian provides a slightly different account, reporting that the Praetorians lowered a ladder and hauled Julianus onto the wall, refusing to open the gates until the price was set.[68][84] On the ramparts, Julianus promised the soldiers unprecedented sums of money, pledged to restore the memory, honours, and statues of Commodus, and guaranteed that the killers of Pertinax would face no punishment.[68][84][85] Fearing that Sulpicianus would avenge the death of his son-in-law, the guards chose Julianus, threw open the gates and proclaimed him emperor.[86][87] The soldiers called him Commodus, though the name was never officially granted.[88][89] Later that evening, escorted by an armed praetorian cohort, Julianus proceeded to the Senate.[90] The intimidated senators ratified his election, conferred upon him the tribunician power, proconsular imperium, and the title Pater Patriae, while voting to elevate him to patrician rank.[91][92] His wife Manlia Scantilla and daughter Didia Clara were simultaneously granted the title of Augusta.[92][93][94]

Reign and domestic policy

Julianus made appointments immediately upon taking power. He named his son-in-law Cornelius Repentinus as urban prefect, replacing Sulpicianus, whose life was spared until he was executed years later under Septimius Severus in 197.[95][96] To satisfy the guard, Julianus confirmed Flavius Genialis and Tullius Crispinus as Praetorian prefects, choices put forward by the guardsmen themselves.[74][95] Accounts differ regarding the payment of the promised donative: Herodian states that Julianus lacked the personal and public funds to pay the guard and deceived them, whereas Spartianus records that he exceeded his commitment by distributing 30,000 sesterces to each soldier.[97][98]

In his monetary policy, Julianus immediately reversed the currency reforms of Pertinax by devaluing the denarius.[99] Pertinax had raised the silver purity of the denarius to 87 percent, but Julianus reduced it to approximately 81.5 or 75 percent, decreasing the fine silver weight from 2.75 grams to 2.40 grams and returning the currency near the adulterated standard of Commodus's later reign.[99][100] In an effort to broaden his domestic support, Julianus delivered conciliatory speeches before the Senate, hosted banquets for senators and equestrians, promised cash distributions to the plebeians, and restored Commodian policies that Pertinax's austerity had rescinded.[101][102] He also emancipated his daughter Didia Clara so that she could manage her own independent property.[103]

Julianus's coinage was struck exclusively at the mint of Rome across all standard denominations: gold aurei, silver denarii, and bronze sestertii, dupondii, and asses.[104] The reverse motifs stressed military harmony and imperial legitimacy.[105][106][107] Coins bearing the legend CONCORDIA MILITVM depicted Concordia holding a legionary eagle and standard, an appeal to the provincial armies.[107][108] Other issues bore the legend RECTOR ORBIS, depicting the emperor holding a globe and scroll, or represented the goddess Fortuna with a rudder and cornucopia.[105][106][108] Separate coinages were struck for his wife Manlia Scantilla, featuring the goddess Juno Regina accompanied by a peacock, and for his daughter Didia Clara, featuring the legend HILARITAS TEMPORVM celebrating the joy of the current era.[109][110][111]

Popular opposition and provincial revolts

Julianus encountered intense public hostility from the start of his reign.[112][113] Because he was perceived as having purchased the empire from soldiers who had murdered Pertinax, the Roman populace viewed his accession as an outrage.[87][112][113] Rumors circulated that Julianus had mocked Pertinax's frugal palace dinner while Pertinax's corpse still lay unburied, sending servants to procure extravagant delicacies, though Spartianus defended Julianus by asserting that he fasted in grief until his predecessor was properly interred.[114][115][116] When Julianus appeared publicly on his way to the Senate, crowds greeted him with groans, curses, and shouts of 'robber and parricide'.[117][118] A mob threw heavy stones at his litter, obstructing his procession to the Capitoline Hill until guards used weapons against the crowd, killing and wounding numerous civilians.[118][119] Later, when Julianus hosted games in the Circus Maximus, spectators refused his promised distributions, occupied seats indiscriminately, and openly shouted appeals for Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, to bring his legions to Rome to restore order.[118]

When news of the unrest reached the frontier commands, three provincial governors refused to recognize Julianus and were acclaimed emperor by their legions: Pescennius Niger in Syria, Septimius Severus in Pannonia Superior, and Clodius Albinus in Britannia.[6][120] Niger commanded the legions of the East and gained backing from the Parthian king Vologases V, while Albinus had three British legions.[6][120] Severus commanded the powerful Danubian legions in Pannonia and rapidly gained the support of garrisons across Moesia, Dacia, Raetia, Noricum, and the Germanies, assembling a coalition of fifteen legions.[121] Severus neutralized Albinus by offering him the title of Caesar, which Albinus accepted, allowing Severus to direct all his forces southward toward Rome.[121][122]

Recognizing that Severus was the closest and most immediate threat, Julianus persuaded the Senate to declare him a public enemy (hostis publicus) and established a deadline after which Severus's soldiers would also be treated as enemies if they remained loyal to him.[123][124][125] Julianus instituted an interdict proceeding to protect his legal possession of the throne and dispatched a senatorial embassy of consulars to Pannonia to entice Severus's troops away.[124][126] He also appointed a successor governor, Valerius Catulinus, and sent a centurion named Aquilius, known for executing senatorial opponents, to assassinate Severus.[124][126][127] All these countermeasures failed: the assassins were intercepted, the consular envoys defected to Severus, and provincial cities across northern Italy opened their gates to the advancing army.[128][129][130]

Defense of Rome and advance of Severus

In late April 193, Severus led his army over the Alps into Italy, presenting his campaign as an act of vengeance for Pertinax.[121] Julianus neglected to fortify the Alpine passes, allowing the Danubian troops to enter the peninsula without opposition.[130] At Ravenna, the garrison and the Adriatic fleet defected to Severus without resistance.[130][131] Julianus ordered the Praetorian prefect Tullius Crispinus to march north with a force to secure Ravenna, but Severus's forces defeated Crispinus, forcing him to retreat back toward Rome.[132][133] Troops stationed across northern and central Italy, including garrisons in Umbria, rapidly switched their allegiance to Severus.[68][134][135]

Faced with collapse, Julianus attempted to convert the city of Rome into a fortified camp.[136] He ordered the Praetorian Guard into the Campus Martius to construct defensive ramparts, ditches, and entrenchments.[136][137] However, the Praetorians, unaccustomed to heavy physical labor and field operations after years of urban comfort, resented the work and paid hired laborers to perform their assigned tasks.[138] The Roman public mocked their efforts.[138] Julianus brought sailors from the naval base at Misenum to assist in the defense, summoned gladiators from the training barracks at Capua, and ordered circus elephants to be trained for war in an effort to intimidate Severus's cavalry.[136][139] None of these improvisations established an effective fighting force.[136]

Suspecting internal subversion, Julianus ordered the execution of Quintus Aemilius Laetus, the Praetorian prefect who had participated in the conspiracy against Commodus and was believed to favor Severus, as well as Marcia, Commodus's former mistress.[74][140] Desperate for a diplomatic solution, Julianus proposed to the Senate that the Vestal Virgins and senatorial priests should walk out in sacred vestments to meet Severus's army and beg for peace.[140] The consular senator Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus opposed the motion, declaring that an emperor who could not defend his authority by force of arms had no right to rule.[140] Angered, Julianus initially considered ordering the Praetorians to intimidate or execute senatorial leaders, but relented.[140] He then requested the Senate to pass a decree associating Septimius Severus as his co-emperor.[140]

Severus flatly rejected the proposal to share power.[140][141] When the Praetorian prefect Tullius Crispinus was sent to deliver the offer of joint rule, he was suspected of plotting to kill Severus and was executed. Julianus made an alternative offer of co-rule to Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, the respected senior senator who was the son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius, but Pompeianus declined the offer, citing his advanced age and eye infirmity.[125][139][140] Severus's agents infiltrated Rome freely, distributing manifestos and letters.[142] Severus then sent a message directly to the Praetorians, offering them complete amnesty if they surrendered the murderers of Pertinax and remained peaceful in their camp.[143]

Fall and death

The Praetorian Guard accepted Severus's terms.[143] They seized the ringleaders of Pertinax's assassination and informed the consul Marcus Silius Messala, who immediately convened a special session of the Senate at the Athenaeum on 1 June 193.[139][143] The Senate unanimously passed a resolution officially deposing Julianus, sentencing him to death, deifying Pertinax, and proclaiming Septimius Severus sole emperor.[7][144][145] Julianus fled to the imperial palace on the Palatine Hill, abandoned by nearly all his followers except his son-in-law Cornelius Repentinus and one of his prefects, Flavius Genialis.[139][142][146]

A military detachment was dispatched to the palace under senatorial orders to carry out the sentence.[68][147] Julianus was killed in the palace by a soldier.[145][147][148][149] Ancient authors give conflicting impressions of his final moments: Aelius Spartianus reports that he pleaded in vain for the protection of Caesar, meaning Severus; Herodian writes that he offered tearful complaints; while Cassius Dio states that his last words were: 'But what evil have I done? Whom have I killed?'.[145][147][150] Although later late-antique writers like Eutropius, Aurelius Victor, and Orosius mistakenly claimed that Julianus fought Severus at the Milvian Bridge or died in battle, historians confirm he was executed inside the Palatine palace.[151][152][153][154]

Julianus's reign lasted 66 days, ending with his death on 1 or 2 June 193.[145][155][156] The Senate passed a decree of damnatio memoriae against him, and his family was stripped of their imperial titles and property.[62][103] Septimius Severus released Julianus's body to his widow Manlia Scantilla and daughter Didia Clara, who buried him in his great-grandfather's (or uncle's) tomb near the fifth milestone on the Via Labicana.[157][158][159] Upon taking control of Rome, Severus ordered the execution of the soldiers who had assassinated Pertinax and formally disbanded the old Praetorian Guard, banishing its members from within one hundred miles of the capital and reconstituting the guard with loyal legionaries drawn from his Danubian forces.[160]

Historical assessment

Ancient historians evaluated Julianus almost universally in harsh terms.[125][161] Cassius Dio, an eyewitness who pursued a successful senatorial career under the Severans, described Julianus as an insatiable accumulator of money, an irresponsible spendthrift, and a perpetual schemer whose attempts to cultivate senatorial support were contemptible servility.[125][162][163] Dio also repeated hostile contemporary rumors claiming that Julianus performed magical rites and sacrificed boys in desperate attempts to avert defeat.[164][165] Herodian presented Julianus as an incompetent, cowardly tyrant devoted to banqueting and pleasure, contrasting him unfavorably with the upright Pertinax.[150][166] Conversely, Aelius Spartianus in the Historia Augusta presented a more defensive, if contradictory, portrait, describing Julianus as affable at banquets, moderate in expenditures, and deeply grieved by Pertinax's death, though modern scholars such as August von Wotawa regard Spartianus's defenses as exaggerated.[116][161][167]

Modern historians recognize that prior to his accession, Julianus had compiled an exemplary record as an administrator and military commander, sharing notable similarities with Pertinax: both were Northern Italians of non-patrician background who rose through talent during the Marcomannic Wars under Marcus Aurelius.[168] However, Julianus's public purchase of the throne shattered any illusion of normality in the empire, and the civil war provoked by the murders of Commodus and Pertinax and by Julianus's usurpation contributed to the destabilization of the principate, after which the Severans established a military dictatorship.[169][170][171][172]

Where editions disagree (5)
Date of birth
  • English: 29 January 133 according to Cassius Dio, or 137 according to the Historia Augusta
  • Russian: 29 January 133 based on Cassius Dio's lifespan calculation, while Aelius Spartianus implies an erroneous age of 56
  • French: 30 January 133 according to Cassius Dio, or 2 February 137 according to the Historia Augusta
  • Finnish: 30 January 133 according to Cassius Dio, 2 February 137 according to the Historia Augusta, or 29 January 137 according to Michael Meckler
  • Hebrew: 29 January 133 according to Cassius Dio, or 27 February 137 according to the Historia Augusta
Date of death
  • English: 2 June 193
  • Russian: 1 June 193
  • French: 1 June 193, with sentence executed on 2 June
  • Finnish: 1 or 2 June 193
  • Egyptian Arabic: 31 May 193
Degree of silver devaluation in the denarius
  • English: Reduced from 87 percent to 75 percent
  • Greek: Reduced from 87 percent to 81.5 percent (pure silver weight falling from 2.75 g to 2.40 g)
  • Norwegian: Reduced from 87 percent to 81.5 percent (actual silver weight falling from 2.75 g to 2.40 g)
Relationship to jurist Publius Salvius Julianus
  • English: Buried in the tomb of his great-grandfather; maternal line connected to consular family
  • Russian: Described as great-grandfather by Spartianus, but chronologically more likely his maternal uncle
  • French: Buried in the tomb of his maternal uncle, the jurist Salvius Julianus
  • Catalan: Grandson or great-grandson of Salvius Julianus
Fulfillment of the Praetorian donative
  • Russian: Herodian says Julianus failed to pay because of an empty treasury, whereas Spartianus says he gave 30,000 sesterces per man
  • Ukrainian: He managed to collect 30,000 sesterces per soldier with great difficulty
  • Croatian: The Praetorians became discontented when they realized Julianus could not pay the promised money
Sources (77 Wikipedia editions)

The non-English editions provide substantial additional historical and administrative detail not present in the English article. The Russian, German, French, and Italian editions detail Julianus's specific administrative works in Germania Inferior, including the reconstruction of the praetorium at Cologne and the stone fortifications at Nigrum Pullum, as well as the archaeological excavations at the Roman camp of Maldegem in Belgium related to his defense against the Chauci. The Russian, French, and Ukrainian editions also offer an in-depth prosopographical analysis of Julianus's maternal ancestry, examining modern scholarly hypotheses regarding his potential kinship with Marcus Aurelius through Lucius Catilius Severus, his trial and acquittal of Septimius Severus in Africa, and the specific composition of his coin iconography and senatorial decrees at the Athenaeum.

Assembled from the Wikipedia articles below, each pinned to the revision read on 2026-09-27. Together they hold 592 references; the English article alone has 59.

EditionArticleRevisionSizeRefs
EnglishDidius Julianus137026653118.2 KB59
RussianДидий Юлиан15304641464.6 KB1
UkrainianДідій Юліан4594144226.0 KB38
FrenchDidius Julianus23754275218.9 KB54
GreekΔίδιος Ιουλιανός1184457018.7 KB51
AlbanianDidius Juliani304183517.5 KB51
BelarusianДзідзій Юліян442391013.6 KB0
FinnishDidius Julianus2427153813.0 KB18
NorwegianDidius Julianus2593884412.9 KB52
Japaneseディディウス・ユリアヌス10375851712.7 KB48
Hebrewדידיוס יוליאנוס4089728812.0 KB0
VietnameseDidius Julianus7558647111.4 KB38
SlovenianDidij Julijan644625811.4 KB52
EsperantoDidio Juliano930794411.4 KB1
ArmenianԴիդիոս Հուլիանոս1003975710.9 KB21
GermanDidius Julianus26313939010.7 KB4
PortugueseDídio Juliano7137514610.5 KB0
SpanishDidio Juliano1751418499.5 KB0
ItalianDidio Giuliano1526314379.5 KB30
HungarianDidius Iulianus római császár240425069.4 KB0
Arabicديديوس جوليانوس751500649.0 KB2
RomanianDidius Iulianus163989128.8 KB4
AsturianDidio Xulianu44719188.6 KB2
Mingrelianდიდიუს იულიანუსი2517148.5 KB0
BulgarianДидий Юлиан129936388.1 KB11
CzechDidius Iulianus262246407.2 KB9
PolishDidiusz Julianus763227926.6 KB5
SerbianДидије Јулијан312752896.3 KB3
BosnianDidije Julijan39161576.3 KB2
SwedishDidius Julianus591491436.0 KB7
IndonesianDidius Julianus299668335.9 KB0
DutchDidius Julianus717758655.6 KB20
TurkishDidius Julianus379553665.2 KB0
CroatianDidije Julijan74713934.7 KB0
Serbian (Latin)Didije Julijan413038694.7 KB0
Thaiจักรพรรดิดีดิอุส ยูลิอานุส132841554.6 KB1
CatalanDidi Julià365055174.0 KB1
Persianدیدیوس ژولیانوس379813604.0 KB0
LithuanianDidijus Julianas67952533.7 KB0
Urduدیدیوس یولیانوس118078213.6 KB1
GalicianDidio Xuliano73882543.1 KB0
Korean디디우스 율리아누스390133153.0 KB0
Georgianდიდიუს იულიანუსი45719743.0 KB0
LatvianDidijs Jūliāns45177033.0 KB0
Chinese狄狄烏斯·尤利安努斯928924462.8 KB0
LatinMarcus Didius Iulianus33349662.8 KB1
IcelandicDidius Julianus17765612.2 KB0
Western FrisianDidius Julianus8445742.0 KB0
MacedonianДидиј Јулијан53205962.0 KB1
BasqueDidio Juliano112793012.0 KB0
DanishDidius Julianus105851472.0 KB0
JavaneseDidius Julianus17520231.9 KB0
SlovakDidius Julianus79028091.7 KB0
YorubaDidius Julianus5715351.7 KB1
azbدیدیوس ژولیانوس5702241.7 KB0
OccitanDidius Julianus21883181.6 KB0
UzbekDidius Julianus53241241.6 KB1
Marathiडिडियस ज्युलियानस25597701.5 KB0
KurdishDidius Iulianus18256101.4 KB1
AfrikaansDidius Julianus22519231.4 KB0
Old EnglishDidius Iulianus2052591.1 KB0
WelshDidius Julianus145617001.0 KB1
Norwegian NynorskDidius Julianus33952080.8 KB0
Egyptian Arabicديديوس جوليانوس121404320.8 KB0
EstonianDidius Julianus58659280.7 KB0
FilipinoDidio Julianio18040870.6 KB0
Wu Chinese尤利安努斯3424610.6 KB0
zh_min_nanDidius Iulianus15211070.6 KB0
AzerbaijaniDidi Yulian88727960.6 KB0
SwahiliDidius Julianus10871250.5 KB0
SicilianDidiu Giulianu6644720.5 KB0
PiedmonteseDidi Giulian8477360.5 KB0
WarayDidius Julianus62869910.4 KB0
BretonDidius Julianus18302310.4 KB0
ZazaDidius Iulianus5343670.4 KB0
KongoDidius Julianus419620.2 KB0
zh_yue尤利安努斯22609490.2 KB0
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References

  1. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.5: "He had lived sixty years, four months, and the same number of days, out of which he had reigned sixty-six days." Dio's calculations can also give 28 January and 1 June by using inclusive counting.
  2. Dénomination utilisée en numismatique, par exemple Sesterce de Dide Julien sur le site CGB Numismatique Paris. Cela explique que Julien l'Apostat apparaisse parfois comme Julien II.
  3. François Chausson, Benoit Rossignol: La carrière de Didius Julianus: Rhin et Belgique. In: François Chausson (Hrsg.): Occidents Romains. Paris 2009, S. 301–324.
  4. Herodian, ii.6.4.
  5. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 11.5.
  6. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 14.3–4; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 5.1–2.
  7. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.4; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 8.7; Herodian, ii.12.6.
  8. Wotawa, 1903, s. 413. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  9. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 302. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  10. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, I, 2.
  11. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.2
  12. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 41. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  13. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 301. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  14. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 1, 1. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  15. Ursula Kampmann: Die Münzen der römischen Kaiserzeit. Regenstauf 2004, S. 196 f.
  16. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, прим. 1. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  17. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 302—303. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  18. Псевдо-Аврелий Виктор, 1997, XIX, 1. (Псевдо-Аврелий Виктор. Извлечения о нравах и жизни римских императоров // Римские историки IV века. — М.: Росспэн, 1997. — ISBN 5-86004-072-5.)
  19. Аврелий Виктор, 1997, XIX, 2. (Секст Аврелий Виктор. О цезарях // Римские историки IV века. — М.: Росспэн, 1997. — С. 77—123. — ISBN 5-86004-072-5.)
  20. Didius Архивная копия от 30 августа 2022 на Wayback Machine. Strachan stemma.
  21. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 304. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  22. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 42. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  23. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 3.4.
  24. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 306. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  25. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, III, 4.
  26. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 313. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  27. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.3.
  28. Кравчук, 2010, с. 363. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  29. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.4.
  30. דוד גולן, "דידיוס יוליאנוס: מאורעות עיקריים בחייו לפי סדר השנים", בתוך: הקיסרים האנטונינים, עמ' 235.
  31. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, I, 4.
  32. Migliorati 2011, p. 251. (Guido Migliorati, Iscrizioni per la ricostruzione storica dell'Impero romano da Marco Aurelio a Commodo, Milano, EDUCatt, 2011, ISBN 9788883118807.)
  33. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.5.
  34. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 1, 5. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  35. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, I, 5.
  36. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 308. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  37. Wotawa, 1903, s. 414. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  38. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 309. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  39. CIL 000006VI, 41122
  40. Wotawa, 1903, s. 414—415. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  41. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.7.
  42. (de) Dietmar Kienast, Werner Eck, Matthäus Heil, Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie, Darmstadt, 2017, p. 147
  43. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 310—313. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  44. Dietmar Kienast, Römische Kaisertabelle, Darmstadii 1996, p. 154
  45. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, I, 7.
  46. Historia Augusta, Vita di Didio Giuliano, 1.7.
  47. În latină chauci.
  48. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.8.
  49. Historia Augusta, Vita di Didio Giuliano, 1.8.
  50. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.8, 2.3; Pertinax, 14.5.
  51. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, I, 8 et II, 3 ; Pertinax, XIV, 5.
  52. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 1.9.
  53. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 314. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  54. Wotawa, 1903, s. 416. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  55. Wotawa, 1903, s. 415—416. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  56. Jona Lendering: Didius Julianus (1) (Osa 1) Livius.org. Arkistoitu 24.11.2014. Viitattu 23.12.2010. (englanniksi)
  57. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 2.1.
  58. Migliorati 2011, p. 252. (Guido Migliorati, Iscrizioni per la ricostruzione storica dell'Impero romano da Marco Aurelio a Commodo, Milano, EDUCatt, 2011, ISBN 9788883118807.)
  59. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 314—315. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  60. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 2, 1. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  61. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, 2.1. Pour l'instauration de cette institution sous Trajan, voir Pline, Panégyrique, 26-28
  62. "Didius Julianus". Livius.org. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  63. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 315. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  64. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 315—316. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  65. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 2.2.
  66. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 2.3; Pertinax, 4.1, 14.5.
  67. Wotawa, 1903, s. 416—417. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  68. Rémy B. 76 // Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie au Haut-Empire: (31 av. J.-C. - 284 ap. J.-C.) (Pont-Bithynie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie-Pamphylie et Cilicie) — Istanbul, Paris: IFEA, 1989. — P. 102–104. — 434 с. — ISBN 2-906059-04-X Праверана 22 сакавіка 2025.<a href='https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q125338011'></a><a href='https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q90'></a><a href='https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q131987583'></a><a href='https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1246531'></a><a href='https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q406'></a>
  69. SHA, 1999, Север, 2, 2. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  70. Елій Спартіан. Дідій Юліан // Володарі Риму. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5
  71. Wotawa, 1903, s. 417. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  72. Аврелий Виктор, 1997, XIX, 1. (Секст Аврелий Виктор. О цезарях // Римские историки IV века. — М.: Росспэн, 1997. — С. 77—123. — ISBN 5-86004-072-5.)
  73. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 316—317. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  74. דוד גולן, "דידיוס יוליאנוס: מאורעות עיקריים בחייו לפי סדר השנים", בתוך: הקיסרים האנטונינים, עמ' 236.
  75. Wotawa, 1903, s. 418. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  76. Геродиан, 1996, II, 6, 4. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  77. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 11.1; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 2.4, 2.6.
  78. Кравчук, 2010, с. 361—362. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  79. Геродиан, 1996, II, 6, 6—7. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  80. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 11.3; Herodian, ii.6.8.
  81. Дион Кассий, 2011, Эпитома книги LXXIV, 11. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  82. Dio Cassius, lxxiv, 11.5
  83. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 44. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  84. Геродиан, 1996, II, 6, 8—11. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  85. Potter, s. 97
  86. Кравчук, 2010, с. 364—365. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  87. In der jüngeren Forschung wird diese Darstellung der erst später entstandenen Quellen vermehrt bezweifelt und als Versuch interpretiert, Iulianus nachträglich zu delegitimieren; vgl. Alan Appelbaum: Another Look at the Assassination of Pertinax and the Accession of Julianus. In: Classical Philology 102, 2007, S. 198–207.
  88. Chausson, Rossignol, 2009, p. 317. (Chausson F., Rossignol B. La carriere de Didius Julianus : Rhin et Belgigue // Occidents romains / sous la direction de F. Chausson. — Paris: Errance, 2009. — P. 301—324. — 327 p. — (Errance Archéologie). — ISBN 978-2-87772-411-1.)
  89. Дион Кассий, 2011, Эпитома книги LXXIV, прим. 57. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  90. Кравчук, 2010, с. 366—367. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  91. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 12; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 3.3.
  92. Wotawa, 1903, s. 419. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  93. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 3.4, 4.5.
  94. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, III, 3-4 et IV, 5.
  95. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 49. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  96. Cambridge Ancient History, s. 2
  97. Геродиан, 1996, II, 7, 1—2. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  98. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 3, 2. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  99. Vicki Leon. "Friends, donors and countrymen". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  100. Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate" Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2001-02-10 στο Wayback Machine.
  101. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 4, 8. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  102. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 50. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  103. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 8, 9. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  104. Mattingly H., Sydenham E.A., The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, Part I, Pertinax to Geta, p. 13. Si les dupondii au nom de Didius Julianus peuvent clairement être identifiés comme tels, grâce au portrait radié de l'empereur, il n'en est pas de même pour les exemplaires au nom de Manlia Scantilla et Didia Clara. Pour ces derniers, seule la connaissance du diamètre et du poids d'un exemplaire peut aider à déterminer s'il s'agit d'un dupondius ou d'un as.
  105. RIC IV, Part I, Didius Julianus 2 ; 6 ; 12 et 15.
  106. RIC IV, Part I, Didius Julianus 3 ; 13 et 14. Nous trouvons également une variante, avec l'empereur assis à gauche sur une chaise curule et tenant un globe (RIC IV, Part I, Didius Julianus 17).
  107. Mattingly H., Sydenham E.A., The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, Part I, Pertinax to Geta,p. 13. Pour les exemplaires en question, voir RIC IV, Part I, Didius Julianus 1 ; 5 ; 11 et 14.
  108. Грант, 1998, с. 131. (Грант М. Римские императоры. Биографический справочник правителей Римской империи. — М.: Терра — Книжный клуб, 1998. — 400 с. — ISBN 5-300-02314-0.)
  109. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 47. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  110. RIC IV, Part I, Didius Julianus 7 ; 18 et 19.
  111. RIC IV, Part 1, Didius Julianus 10 ; 20 et 21
  112. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 13.2–5; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 4.2–7; Herodian, ii.7.3.
  113. Кравчук, 2010, с. 368. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  114. Дион Кассий, 2011, Эпитома книги LXXIV, 13, 1. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  115. Кравчук, 2010, с. 367. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  116. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 3, 8—10. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  117. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 13.3.
  118. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 52. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  119. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 4.2, 4.4.
  120. Федченков, 2006, с. 81—82. (Федченков Д. От Антонинов к Северам. Система принципата на рубеже II—III вв. н. э.. — Дисс. канд… ист. наук. — Новгород: Новгородский государственный университет, 2006. — 197 с.)
  121. Федченков, 2006, с. 96—97. (Федченков Д. От Антонинов к Северам. Система принципата на рубеже II—III вв. н. э.. — Дисс. канд… ист. наук. — Новгород: Новгородский государственный университет, 2006. — 197 с.)
  122. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 15.1–2.
  123. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 5.3; Septimius Severus, 5.5.
  124. SHA, 1999, Дидий Юлиан, 5, 3—7. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  125. Jona Lendering: Didius Julianus (Osa 2) Livius.org. Arkistoitu 27.2.2010. Viitattu 23.12.2010. (englanniksi)
  126. Histoire Auguste, Didius Julianus, V, 4-8.
  127. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 80. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  128. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.1; Historia Augusta, Septimius Severus, 5.6.
  129. Herodian, ii.11.6.
  130. Wotawa, 1903, s. 421—422. (Wotawa A. Didius 8 : [нем.] // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler, 1903. — Bd. V,1. — Kol. 412—424.)
  131. Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 16.5; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 6.3.
  132. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 79. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  133. Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 6.4
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