Contents
- (Top)
- Early secretarial offices (1917–1922)
- Tenure of Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)
- Post-Stalin succession and Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964)
- Leonid Brezhnev and collective leadership (1964–1982)
- Interregnum of Andropov and Chernenko (1982–1985)
- Mikhail Gorbachev and dissolution (1985–1991)
- Administrative structure and the Second Secretary
- List of officeholders
- References
| First holder | Joseph Stalin |
|---|---|
| Last holder | Vladimir Ivashko (acting) |
| Creation | 3 April 1922 |
| Abolition | 29 August 1991 |
| Appointer | Central Committee plenum (Party Congress in 1990) |
| Seat | Kremlin, Moscow |
| Deputy | Second Secretary (informal); Deputy General Secretary (1990–1991) |
| Successor body | Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1924 until the collapse of the union in 1991, the officeholder was recognized as the de facto leader of the Soviet Union.[1][2] Originally established in 1922 as an administrative position, Joseph Stalin utilized the post and democratic centralism to concentrate political authority.[3] The position was known as First Secretary from 1953 to 1966 before reverting to General Secretary.[4]
Early secretarial offices (1917–1922)
Before the October Revolution, the secretarial responsibilities of the Bolshevik party were largely technical and clerical. Following the seizure of power, the Central Committee established administrative offices to manage organizational tasks.[5] In April 1917, Elena Stasova was appointed Technical Secretary of the Central Committee. Assisted by a staff of four women, Stasova coordinated correspondence with provincial party cells, assigned work, maintained financial records, distributed party funds, shaped structural policies, and managed personnel assignments.[6][7][8][9]
At the Seventh Party Congress in 1918, Yakov Sverdlov, who had risen to first among the five secretaries elected to the first Secretariat in August 1917, was elected Chairman of the Secretariat of the Central Committee.[10][11] Sverdlov oversaw administrative and technical matters rather than political decision-making until his death on 16 March 1919.[10][11] Several historians consider Sverdlov's premature death a significant event that opened the way for Stalin's later elevation, as Sverdlov was viewed as a natural candidate for overarching party administration.[12][13]
Following Sverdlov's death, Stasova briefly served as Chairman of the Secretariat before the Eighth Party Congress in 1919 established the Office of the Responsible Secretary.[14] Stasova assumed this role from March to November 1919. In November 1919, Nikolay Krestinsky was appointed Responsible Secretary, and Stasova was reassigned to secretary.[14] Krestinsky was the only one of the three Central Committee secretaries to sit on the Politburo, which led some contemporaries to refer to him informally as general secretary.[15] However, Krestinsky treated the office as a clerical position and did not use it to build an independent political base.[11][16]
At the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921, Vyacheslav Molotov was elected Responsible Secretary.[17] The congress resolved that the Responsible Secretary should attend Politburo plenums, and Molotov accordingly became a candidate member of the Politburo.[18] Throughout this period, Vladimir Lenin, as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), remained the recognized leader of the party and government, while secretarial posts managed executive routine.[19]
Tenure of Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)
On 3 April 1922, the Central Committee plenum elected by the Eleventh Party Congress established the office of General Secretary and appointed Joseph Stalin to the post.[20] The appointment was recommended by Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev with Lenin's agreement.[20][21] The position was intended to handle administrative and disciplinary functions, determining party membership and allocating personnel throughout party organs.[19] At the time of the Eleventh Congress, Lenin attended only four of the twelve sessions due to deteriorating health.[22] The party statute was not amended to define the office of General Secretary, leaving it an unchartered administrative role.[19]
Stalin used the principles of democratic centralism to transform the secretarial apparatus into a dominant political instrument.[3] By late 1922, Lenin grew wary of Stalin's authority, noting in his Letter to the Congress that Stalin had concentrated boundless power in his hands and might not use it cautiously, suggesting his removal from the post because of personal rudeness.[23][24] Before the Thirteenth Party Congress in May 1924, Lenin's widow Nadezhda Krupskaya handed over the Letter to the Congress, and Stalin announced his resignation for the first time.[25] Kamenev proposed reading the letter to the delegations to avoid open discussion, and the majority favoured keeping Stalin as General Secretary.[25]
Stalin formed a triumvirate with Zinoviev and Kamenev to sideline Leon Trotsky.[21] At the Fourteenth Party Congress in December 1925, Stalin presented the political report of the Central Committee for the first time, a task previously performed by Lenin and Zinoviev.[26] Kliment Voroshilov praised Stalin at the congress as the principal member of the Politburo whose initiatives were most frequently adopted.[26] On 27 December 1926, Stalin submitted a formal resignation letter stating an inability to continue in the role, but the Central Committee rejected it.[21] In official correspondence, Stalin rarely used the title of General Secretary, signing simply as secretary of the Central Committee.[21][27][28] A biographical entry written by his secretary Ivan Tovstukha in 1926 described Stalin merely as one of the secretaries of the Central Committee.[29][30]
In 1930, when Molotov was appointed Chairman of the Sovnarkom, he stepped down from his secretarial duties, and Lazar Kaganovich assumed the responsibilities of de facto second secretary, deputizing for Stalin in Central Committee administration.[31][32][33] According to Roy Medvedev, during the Seventeenth Party Congress in January 1934, a bloc of regional secretaries proposed electing Sergei Kirov as General Secretary and moving Stalin to head the Sovnarkom or Central Executive Committee, but Kirov refused the plan.[34] Following the congress, the Central Committee elected a Secretariat composed of Andrei Zhdanov, Kaganovich, Kirov, and Stalin as equal secretaries, omitting any formal election of a General Secretary.[35][36] Documents of the Central Committee ceased referencing the title of General Secretary thereafter.[21]
Following Kirov's assassination in December 1934, the Great Purge reached its peak in 1937 and 1938.[37][38] In May 1941, when Stalin became Chairman of the Sovnarkom, the Politburo formally designated Andrei Zhdanov as Stalin's deputy for the Secretariat.[39][40] In the post-war era, Stalin considered potential successors, privately mentioning Nikolai Voznesensky for government leadership and Alexei Kuznetsov for party leadership.[34] Both men were executed on 1 October 1950 during the Leningrad Affair after Zhdanov's death in 1948.[34]
By 1950, Stalin's health deteriorated, and from February 1951, Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Nikolai Bulganin were authorized to sign official papers using Stalin's facsimile signature.[39][41] At the Nineteenth Party Congress in October 1952, Malenkov delivered the Central Committee report, and the party adopted a new statute that omitted any mention of a General Secretary.[35][37] At the plenum on 16 October 1952, Stalin presented lists for an enlarged Presidium and a ten-member Secretariat.[42] Stalin requested to be relieved of his duties as secretary and government head, but the plenum rejected his request after Marshal Semyon Timoshenko and Malenkov urged the delegates to keep him in place.[43]
Stalin suffered a stroke at his Kuntsevo dacha on 1 March 1953 and died on 5 March at 21:50.[44][45] At 20:40 on 5 March, an emergency joint meeting of the Central Committee Presidium, the Council of Ministers, and the Supreme Soviet Presidium convened for ten minutes.[46][47] The assembly transferred the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers to Malenkov and released Stalin from his secretarial duties, relieving him of leadership approximately one hour before his death.[46][48][49]
Post-Stalin succession and Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964)
Following Stalin's death, Malenkov held both the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers and the senior position in the Secretariat. At the Central Committee plenum on 14 March 1953, Malenkov was forced to give up his post in the Secretariat, though he retained the right to chair Presidium meetings.[50][51] This departure left Nikita Khrushchev as the senior secretary in charge of the party apparatus. Under a troika consisting of Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev, Beria was arrested in June 1953 with the assistance of Georgy Zhukov and Bulganin.[46][52]
On 7 September 1953, the Central Committee plenum unanimously elected Khrushchev to the newly created office of First Secretary of the Central Committee.[39][46] The proposal was introduced unexpectedly by Malenkov during a session recess and received immediate backing from Bulganin.[53][54] This restored a single leadership title over the party apparatus, although the office was not incorporated into the party rules and stood in tension with the principle of collective leadership adopted six months earlier.[39][54] Although the leadership was originally conceived as collective, Khrushchev removed his rivals from power between 1955 and 1957 and reinforced the pre-eminence of the First Secretary.[46][55]
In June 1957, the Anti-Party Group, led by Malenkov, Molotov, and Kaganovich, attempted to depose Khrushchev.[56][57] Over four days of Presidium sessions, seven members voted to abolish the post of First Secretary and remove Khrushchev.[21][58][59] Bulganin instructed communications agencies to broadcast the decision, but secretarial staff mobilized Central Committee members from outside Moscow with military transport aircraft arranged by Minister of Defense Georgy Zhukov.[57] Coordinated by Yekaterina Furtseva and Nikolai Ignatov, Central Committee delegates forced the convening of a plenum from 22 to 29 June 1957. Supported by Zhukov's military backing, the plenum expelled Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov, and Dmitry Shepilov from the Central Committee.[57][60] Four months later, Zhukov was dismissed as Minister of Defense after being accused of self-glorification.[37] In 1958, Khrushchev combined the posts of First Secretary and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, ending formal collective leadership.[61]
Opposition to Khrushchev mounted following the Cuban Missile Crisis and agricultural shortfalls.[62][63] In March 1964, French socialist Gaston Defferre reported that Khrushchev's removal was imminent.[64] During the first nine months of 1964, Khrushchev spent 150 days outside Moscow, facilitating planning by Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Podgorny, and Alexander Shelepin.[57] Vladimir Semichastny, head of the KGB, claimed that Brezhnev suggested Khrushchev's physical elimination during a trip to Egypt in May 1964, a proposal Semichastny rejected.[57] On 13–14 October 1964, the Presidium confronted Khrushchev with charges of economic mismanagement and personal arrogance.[57][63] Khrushchev signed a prepared resignation statement citing health and age. The Central Committee plenum on the evening of 14 October confirmed his resignation, choosing Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.[57][63]
Leonid Brezhnev and collective leadership (1964–1982)
Brezhnev assumed leadership within an informal triumvirate alongside Premier Alexei Kosygin and Nikolai Podgorny, who became Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1965.[62] At the Twenty-third Party Congress in April 1966, the party charter was revised to restore the title of General Secretary and re-establish the name Politburo in place of the Presidium.[4][65] Brezhnev was elected General Secretary under these revised rules.[65] The collective leadership was able to limit the powers of the General Secretary during the Brezhnev era.[66][67]
Brezhnev's influence expanded through the 1970s as he avoided destabilizing reforms.[67] His health deteriorated markedly after 1974, and he suffered a severe stroke in 1976 that caused slurred speech and physical exhaustion.[40] Brezhnev twice raised the question of his retirement, and in April 1979 he again spoke of his wish to retire, but the Politburo favoured his continuing in office.[40] In June 1977, Podgorny was retired from state office, and Brezhnev was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, initiating a pattern of combining the senior party and state posts.[68]
During his later years, Brezhnev considered Grigory Romanov and Vladimir Shcherbitsky as prospective successors.[59][60][69] Viktor Grishin and Central Committee secretary Ivan Kapitonov noted in their memoirs that Brezhnev intended to recommend Shcherbitsky as General Secretary while moving himself to a party chairmanship.[60][70] However, foreign and military policy fell under a ruling group consisting of Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov, KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov, and Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko.[40] When Mikhail Suslov died in January 1982, Andropov was elected Central Committee Secretary for Ideology in May 1982, positioning him as the second-ranking secretary.[71]
Interregnum of Andropov and Chernenko (1982–1985)
Brezhnev died on 10 November 1982. That evening, Ustinov, Andropov, Gromyko, and Premier Nikolai Tikhonov held private consultations to settle the succession.[40] To prevent Tikhonov from proposing Konstantin Chernenko, Ustinov persuaded Chernenko himself to nominate Andropov at the Politburo meeting.[71] The Central Committee plenum confirmed Andropov as General Secretary on 12 November 1982.[40][72] Like Brezhnev before him, Andropov combined the general secretaryship with the highest state post.[73] He suffered from kidney failure, relying on dialysis, and presided over his final Politburo session on 1 September 1983 before dying on 9 February 1984.[40]
Following Andropov's death, Ustinov, Chernenko, Gromyko, and Tikhonov met privately on 10 February 1984.[74] Gromyko sounded out his own prospects for the general secretaryship, and Ustinov, seeking to prevent this, nominated Chernenko, a candidacy acceptable to all of them.[74] Mikhail Gorbachev suggested Ustinov take the post, but Ustinov declined, citing his age and health.[21] Chernenko was elected General Secretary on 13 February 1984 at age 72.[74][75] In failing health, Chernenko conducted business in his office for only a few hours at a time, requiring a wheelchair, and spent his final months hospitalized while public appearances were staged for broadcast.[21][76] Chernenko died on 10 March 1985.[74][75]
Mikhail Gorbachev and dissolution (1985–1991)
Following Chernenko's death, Foreign Minister Gromyko consulted with Gorbachev's allies, Alexander Yakovlev and Yevgeny Primakov, through his son Anatoly Gromyko.[40][73] In exchange for supporting Gorbachev's candidacy, Gromyko received a promise of the chairmanship of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet; he proposed Gorbachev at the Politburo meeting on 11 March 1985 and put the proposal to the Central Committee plenum the same day.[40][73] Competing figures such as Romanov, Grishin, and Shcherbitsky were marginalized; Shcherbitsky had been absent in the United States during the succession, while Romanov was retired on pension three months later.[59][60][73] In October 1988, Gorbachev replaced Gromyko as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, uniting party and state leadership.[73]
In March 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies amended Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, removing the Communist Party's monopoly as the leading and guiding force of Soviet society.[40][77] Gorbachev assumed the newly created office of President of the Soviet Union on 15 March 1990, shifting executive administration from party organs to state structures.[73][77] In 1990, the rules were changed so that the General Secretary was elected directly by the Party Congress rather than by the Central Committee.[78] The congress also created the post of Deputy General Secretary, electing Vladimir Ivashko.[79][80]
During the August 1991 coup attempt, Gorbachev was detained under house arrest at Foros, and Ivashko was unable to exercise party leadership.[80][81] Following the coup's collapse, Gorbachev addressed the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR on 23 August, where Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR.[82][83] That afternoon, Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov ordered the Central Committee headquarters complex on Staraya Square sealed.[84] On 24 August 1991, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary and urged the Central Committee to dissolve itself.[85][86][87] Ivashko served as acting head for five days until the Supreme Soviet of the USSR suspended all CPSU activities across the country on 29 August 1991.[88][89] On 5 September, Ivashko assembled remaining secretariat staff to organize a liquidation commission headed by Valentin Kuptsov.[90] Yeltsin permanently banned the CPSU on Russian territory on 6 November 1991, although the Constitutional Court of Russia ruled on 30 November 1992 that the ban could not constitutionally dissolve primary party organizations.[91][92] In 1993, Oleg Shenin founded the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union to coordinate successor parties across former republics.[93]
Administrative structure and the Second Secretary
Throughout most of Soviet history, the General Secretary was the sole non-collegial office in the party leadership.[94] Below the General Secretary, an unwritten party convention designated a de facto Second Secretary who managed the Central Committee Secretariat and party personnel.[31][94][95] The Second Secretary routinely chaired secretariat meetings when the General Secretary was engaged in other state responsibilities, and held a concurrent seat on the Politburo.[94][95] Prominent second secretaries included Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Suslov, Frol Kozlov, and Nikolai Podgorny.[32][95] The ideology portfolio held by Suslov and later Andropov was traditionally regarded as the second most influential post in the leadership.[71]
Party leaders customarily held a major state executive post alongside party leadership.[96] Vladimir Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars or Council of Ministers.[96] From 1977, Brezhnev established the practice of combining the general secretaryship with the state presidency as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a pattern maintained by Andropov, Chernenko, and Gorbachev.[96]
List of officeholders
The secretarial leadership underwent several organizational titles between 1917 and 1991: Technical Secretary of the Central Committee: Elena Stasova (April 1917 – 1918) Chairman of the Secretariat of the Central Committee: Yakov Sverdlov (1918 – 16 March 1919) Elena Stasova (March 1919 – November 1919) Responsible Secretary of the Central Committee: Nikolay Krestinsky (November 1919 – March 1921) Vyacheslav Molotov (March 1921 – April 1922) General Secretary of the Central Committee: Joseph Stalin (3 April 1922 – 16 October 1952) First Secretary of the Central Committee: Nikita Khrushchev (7 September 1953 – 14 October 1964) Leonid Brezhnev (14 October 1964 – 8 April 1966) General Secretary of the Central Committee: Leonid Brezhnev (8 April 1966 – 10 November 1982) Yuri Andropov (12 November 1982 – 9 February 1984) Konstantin Chernenko (13 February 1984 – 10 March 1985) Mikhail Gorbachev (11 March 1985 – 24 August 1991) Vladimir Ivashko (acting; 24 August 1991 – 29 August 1991)[10][11][14][17][35][72][75][79][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105]
Where editions disagree (3)
- Russian: The Central Committee apparatus and party organs were formally resolved for dissolution by Ivashko's secretariat on 5 September 1991, and the party was banned by presidential decree on 6 November 1991
- English: The party activities were suspended on 29 August 1991 and banned on 6 November 1991
- Spanish: The office was abolished on 29 August 1991
- Portuguese: The post was abolished on 29 August 1991
- Russian: The 17th Congress did not mention the post of General Secretary; Stalin was elected an ordinary secretary of the Central Committee and signed documents as Secretary of the Central Committee, though he remained de facto head
- English: Stalin was not formally re-elected as General Secretary at the 17th Congress in 1934, but remained leader without diminution and the office was formally abolished in October 1952
- Estonian: Stalin ceased to be General Secretary on 26 January 1934 and was subsequently elected only as Central Committee secretary at plenums in 1934, 1939, and 1952
- English: Joseph Stalin was the first General Secretary, taking office on 3 April 1922
- Catalan: Elena Stasova was the first officeholder, starting as technical secretary in 1917
- Hebrew: Vladimir Lenin was the first holder
Sources (47 Wikipedia editions)
The Russian and Kazakh editions provide extensive internal documentation on Central Committee procedures, including Stalin's multiple resignation offers in 1924, 1926, and 1952, the 1951 decision granting signature authority to Malenkov, Beria, and Bulganin, and the specific ten-minute meeting on 5 March 1953 that relieved Stalin of office an hour before his death. They also describe the detailed mechanics of the 1957 Anti-Party Group confrontation, including military airlifts of Central Committee members organized by Furtseva and Ignatov, and backroom negotiations over succession in 1982 and 1984 involving Dmitry Ustinov and Andrei Gromyko.
Assembled from the Wikipedia articles below, each pinned to the revision read on 2026-09-27. Together they hold 520 references; the English article alone has 14.
References
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- "Soviet Union – General Secretary: Power and Authority". www.country-data.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
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- Service 2009, p. 378. (Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0674034938.)
- Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 126. (Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674410305.)
- Clements 1997, p. 140. (Clements, Barbara Evans (1997). Bolshevik Women. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59920-7.)
- Fairfax 1999, p. 36. (Fairfax, Kaithy (1999). Comrades in Arms: Bolshevik Women in the Russian Revolution. Resistance Books. ISBN 0-909196-94-X.)
- Clements, 1997, p. 140. (Clements, Barbara Evans. Bolshevik Women. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0521599207.)
- Fairfax, 1999, p=36
- Williamson 2007, p. 42. (Williamson, D.G. (2007). The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918–53 (1st ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0582505803.)
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- Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-317-86369-4. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- Ragsdale, Hugh (1996). The Russian Tragedy: The Burden of History. M.E. Sharpe. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-56324-755-2. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
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- См. речь С. Минина на X съезде РКП(б): Десятый съезд РКП(б). Стенографический отчёт. — М., 1963. — С. 92
- Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 126. (Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-41030-5.)
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- Grill 2002, p. 72. (Grill, Graeme (2002). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521529365.)
- Устав Всесоюзной коммунистической партии (большевиков). — М.: Партиздат ЦК ВКП(б), 1937
- [lib.ru/MEMUARY/BAZHANOW/stalin.txt_with-big-pictures.html#4 Глава 3. «Секретарь Оргбюро».] Источник . Дата обращения: 5 декабря 2012. Архивировано 19 октября 2013 года. // Бажанов Б. Г. Воспоминания бывшего секретаря Сталина. — СПб.: Всемирное слово, 1992. — ISBN 5-86442-004-2
- «Сталин Иосиф Виссарионович» Архивная копия от 16 июня 2013 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий». — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звёздный мир, 2004. — 688 с. ISBN 5-94850-342-9
- Rogovin, Vadim (2021). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-893638-97-6.
- Ленин В. И. Письмо к съезду. // ПСС. — Т. 45. — С. 344 Ленин В. И. Письмо к съезду / Ленин В. И. Избранные произведения. В 4 томах. Т. 4. / 2-е изд. М., 1988. — С. 440—443.
- Ленин В. И. Письмо к съезду. // ПСС. — Т. 45. — С. 345 Ленин В. И. Письмо к съезду / Ленин В. И. Избранные произведения. В 4 томах. Т. 4. / 2-е изд. — М., 1988. — С. 440—443.
- Zenʹkovič, Nikolaj Aleksandrovič (2004). Samye zakrytye ljudi: ėnciklopedija biografij. Serija "Ėlita" (Izd. 2-e, ispravlennoe i dopolnennoe edición). Olma-Press. ISBN 978-5-94850-342-4.
- Такер Р. Сталин. История и личность. — М.: Весь Мир, 2006. — С. 211.
- Телеграмма 21 апреля 1922 тов. Орджоникидзе Архивная копия от 7 января 2011 на Wayback Machine — Сталин подписался как «секретарь ЦК»
- ЦК РКП(б) — ЦИК Гоминьда́н 13 марта 1925 г. Архивная копия от 7 ноября 2011 на Wayback Machine // «Правда» № 60, 14 марта 1925 г.) — Сталин подписался как «секретарь ЦК»
- Но когда спустя 20 лет, в 1947 году (то есть при жизни Сталина) выходит «Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин. Краткая биография», то авторам книги не помешало то обстоятельство, что официальная должность Сталина с 1934 уже именовалась просто «секретарь ЦК». В книге написали: «3 апреля 1922 года пленум … избрал генеральным секретарём ЦК … Сталина. С тех пор Сталин бессменно работает на этом посту»
- Товстуха И. П. «Сталин (Джугашвили), Иосиф Виссарионович». Архивная копия от 9 сентября 2009 на Wayback Machine // Деятели СССР и революционного движения России', Энциклопедический словарь Гранат. — Репринтное изд. — М., 1989. — С. 698—700
- Формально такой должности не существовало — вторым секретарём считался секретарь, руководивший работой Секретариата ЦК, замещавший генерального секретаря ЦК партии.
- Лазарь Каганович в 1925—1928 гг. возглавлял Компартию Украины в должности генерального секретаря ЦК КП(б)У.
- «Сталин и его окружение» Архивная копия от 19 октября 2013 на Wayback Machine // Чуев Ф. И. Сто сорок бесед с Молотовым: Из дневника Ф. Чуева. — М.: ТЕРРА, 1991. — ISBN 5-85255-042-6
- Емельянов Ю. В. Сталин. На вершине власти Архивная копия от 13 февраля 2014 на Wayback Machine / Ю. В. Емельянов. — М.: Вече, 2003. — 540 с.
- Состав руководящих органов ЦК Коммунистической партии (1919—1990 гг.) Архивная копия от 15 января 2012 на Wayback Machine // Известия ЦК КПСС. — № 7. — 1990 г.
- После XVII съезда Сталин отказался от титула «генерального секретаря» и стал просто «секретарем ЦК», одним из членов коллегиального руководства наравне со Ждановым, Кагановичем и Кировым. Сделано это было не вследствие перетягивания каната с кем бы то ни было из этой четверки, а по собственному решению, которое логично вытекало из «нового курса». Интервью с историком Ю. Н. Жуковым
- «Киров Сергей Миронович» Архивная копия от 24 декабря 2014 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий». — М.:ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звёздный мир, 2004. — 688 с. ISBN 5-94850-342-9
- «Сталин Иосиф Виссарионович». Архивная копия от 23 ноября 2009 на Wayback Machine // Правители России и Советского Союза, биографический-хронологический справочник
- «Это постановление Политбюро осталось на долгие десятилетия секретным» — Жуков Ю. Н. [militera.lib.ru/research/0/txt/zhukov_yn02.rar Сталин: тайны власти] Источник . Дата обращения: 5 декабря 2012. Архивировано 10 января 2012 года.. — М.: Вагриус, 2005. — 720 с.
- «Жданов Андрей Александрович» Архивная копия от 17 июня 2013 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий». — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звёздный мир, 2004. — 688 с. ISBN 5-94850-342-9
- Емельянов Ю. В. Хрущев. От пастуха до секретаря ЦК. — М.: Вече, 2005. — С. 272—319. — ISBN 5-9533-0362-9
- Речь Сталина на Пленуме ЦК КПСС 16 октября 1952 года Архивная копия от 13 февраля 2013 на Wayback Machine // Сталин И. В. Сочинения. — Т. 18. — Тверь: Информационно-издательский центр «Союз», 2006. — С. 584—587.
- peoples.ru/state/king/russia/stalin/index1.html Биография Сталина
- peoples.ru(state)king(russia)stalin/history1.html «Хозяин Кремля» умер раньше своей смерти. Самая последняя тайна Сталина.
- Комсомольская правда" от 6 марта 1953 года № 55 (8535)
- «Маленков Георгий Максимилианович» Архивная копия от 21 октября 2011 на Wayback Machine // Данцев А. А. Правители России: XX век. Ростов-на- Дону: Феникс, 2000. — 512 с. + 4 л. ил. — (Исторические силуэты) ISBN 5-222-00755-3
- По другим данным началось в 20.00 и закончилось в 20.40 Правители России и Советского Союза, биографическо-хронологический справочник.
- «Сталин Иосиф Виссарионович». Архивная копия от 5 декабря 2010 на Wayback Machine // Справочник по истории КПСС 1898—1991
- «Секретариат ЦК КПСС, избранный пленумом 16.10.1952». Архивная копия от 4 декабря 2013 на Wayback Machine // Справочник по истории КПСС 1898—1991
- Георгий Максимилианович Маленков. Руководители Советской России, СССР Архивная копия от 18 января 2011 на Wayback Machine
- «Маленков Георгий Максимилианович». Архивная копия от 4 января 2011 на Wayback Machine // Правители России и Советского Союза, биографическо-хронологический справочник.
- «Хрущев Никита Сергеевич» Архивная копия от 25 ноября 2010 на Wayback Machine // Хронос
- Перед самым открытием Пленума ЦК к Маленкову подошёл Булганин и настойчиво предложил ему внести на пленуме предложение об избрании Хрущёва Первым секретарём ЦК. «Иначе, — сказал Булганин, — я сам внесу это предложение». Маленков подумал, что Булганин действует не в одиночку и решился внести это предложение. — Емельянов Ю. В. Хрущев. От пастуха до секретаря ЦК. — М.: Вече, 2005. — С. 346—358. — ISBN 5-9533-0362-9
- Емельянов Ю. В. Хрущев. От пастуха до секретаря ЦК. — М.: Вече, 2005. — С. 346—358. — ISBN 5-9533-0362-9
- Ra'anan, Uri (2006). Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises. Lexington Books. p. 58. ISBN 0739114034.
- Ra'anan 2006, p. 58. (Ra'anan, Uri (2006). Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739114025.)
- Емельянов Ю. В. Хрущев. Смутьян в кремле. Архивная копия от 8 ноября 2011 на Wayback Machine — М.: Вече, 2005. — 416 с. ISBN 5-9533-0379-3
- Н. А. Булганин, К. Е. Ворошилов, Л. М. Каганович, Г. М. Маленков, В. М. Молотов, М. Г. Первухин, М. З. Сабуров — Медведев Р. А. Н. С. Хрущев: политическая биография" Архивная копия от 15 ноября 2013 на Wayback Machine — М.: «Книга», 1990
- «Молотов Вячеслав Михайлович» Архивная копия от 16 июня 2013 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий». — М.:ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звёздный мир, 2004. — 688 с. ISBN 5-94850-342-9
- Сурово обошлись с Д. Т. Шепиловым. В ноябре 1957 года он был выслан из Москвы в Киргизию. Выселен из большой квартиры в академическом доме на Ленинском проспекте, в которой прожил 21 год, с семьёй на улицу. — «Шепилов» Архивная копия от 16 июня 2013 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий». — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звёздный мир, 2004. — 688 с. ISBN 5-94850-342-9 На улицу выбросили и библиотеку Шепилова — Емельянов Ю. В. Хрущев. Смутьян в кремле. Архивная копия от 8 ноября 2011 на Wayback Machine — М.: Вече, 2005. — 416 с. ISBN 5-9533-0379-3. В марте 1959 по настоянию Хрущёва он был лишен учёного звания члена-корреспондента Академии наук СССР как «выступивший против интересов народа» — «Шепилов» Архивная копия от 16 июня 2013 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий». — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звёздный мир, 2004. — 688 с. ISBN 5-94850-342-9
- «Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич» Архивная копия от 24 марта 2010 на Wayback Machine // Данцев А. А. Правители России: XX век. Ростов-на- Дону: Феникс, 2000. — 512 с. + 4 л. ил. — (Исторические силуэты) ISBN 5-222-00755-3
- Brown 2009, p. 403. (Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0061138799.)
- Отставка Хрущёва Архивная копия от 10 августа 2010 на Wayback Machine // Ратьковский И. С., Ходяков М. В. История Советской России. — СПб.: Лань, 2001. — 416 с. — (Мир культуры, истории и философии). — ISBN 5-8114-0373-9
- Десталинизация десталинизаторов . Дата обращения: 27 мая 2021. Архивировано 29 сентября 2020 года.
- Материалы XXIII съезда КПСС. — М.: Политиздат, 1966. — С. 201—202. — 2 500 000 экз.
- McCauley 1997, p. 48. (McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.)
- Baylis 1989, pp. 98–99 & 104. (Baylis, Thomas A. (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-944-4.)
- О чём молчали газеты тридцать лет назад . Дата обращения: 10 апреля 2013. Архивировано из оригинала 28 декабря 2013 года.
- Евгений Спицын. Брежнев выбрал Щербицкого? (рус.) Литературная газета (3 ноября 2021). Дата обращения: 6 мая 2025.
- Виктор Жданов (11 марта 2025). "Россия могла быть другой". Какую тайну Горбачева скрывал Кремль. РИА Новости. Архивировано 11 марта 2025. Дата обращения: 6 мая 2025.
- «Андропов Юрий Владимирович» Правители России. Дата обращения: 19 декабря 2010. Архивировано 14 июня 2011 года.
- Vasil'eva 1994, pp. 218. (Vasilʹeva, Larisa Nikolaevna (1994). Kremlin Wives. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1559702607.)
- «Горбачев Михайл Сергеевич» . Дата обращения: 19 декабря 2010. Архивировано 15 апреля 2011 года.
- «Черненко Константин Устинович» Правители России. Сайт know-it-all-1.narod.ru . Дата обращения: 19 декабря 2010. Архивировано 16 июня 2011 года.
- Chubarov 2003, p. 60. (Chubarov, Alexander (2003). Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and post-Soviet Eras. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0826413505.)
- «Константин Черненко». Дата обращения: 5 декабря 2010. Архивировано 12 января 2012 года.
- Kort 2010, p. 394. (Kort, Michael (2010). The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-2387-4.)
- Sekretariat CK RSDRP(b) - RKP(b) - VKP(b) - KPSS. ((RU) Sekretariat CK RSDRP(b) - RKP(b) - VKP(b) - KPSS, in Spravočnik po istorii Kommunističeskoj partii i Sovetskogo Sojuza 1898-1991. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 28 aprile 2013).)
- McCauley 1998, p. 314. (McCauley, Martin (1998). Gorbachev. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0582437586.)
- 4 августа Горбачёв отбыл на отдых в Крым. По партийной линии вместо себя он оставил Шенина, поскольку Ивашко был болен и готовился к операции. Первый день событий застал Ивашко в подмосковном санатории в тридцати километрах от Москвы, где он находился уже более двух недель после операции. В здании ЦК на Старой площади он появился 21 августа. 19 августа из Секретариата послали вниз шифрограмму с требованием содействовать ГКЧП. Позже Ивашко комментировал так: этот документ не должен был подписываться Секретариатом ЦК. По регламенту документы Секретариата ЦК имели право выходить в свет только после подписи одного из двух лиц: Горбачёва или Ивашко. Ни тот, ни другой его не подписывали. У Ивашко нет сомнений, что его намеренно держали в неведении. Часть I Архивная копия от 24 сентября 2015 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «1991. СССР. Конец проекта» — М.:ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 2009. — 576 с. ISBN 978-5-373-02629-1
- Ни 19, ни 20 августа никто из членов ГКЧП Ивашко не звонил. Не звонил им и он. — Часть III Архивная копия от 24 сентября 2015 на Wayback Machine // Зенькович Н. А. «1991. СССР. Конец проекта» — М.:ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 2009. — 576 с. ISBN 978-5-373-02629-1
- Хроника путча. Часть V. Архивная копия от 17 сентября 2019 на Wayback Machine // BBC Russian
- Указ Президента РСФСР от 23.08.1991 г. № 79 «О приостановлении деятельности Коммунистической партии РСФСР» Архивная копия от 10 апреля 2012 на Wayback Machine
- В августе 91-го. Архивная копия от 9 ноября 2011 на Wayback Machine // Персональный сайт Евгения Савостьянова
- Radetsky 2007, p. 219. (Radetsky, Peter (2007). The Soviet Image: A Hundred Years of Photographs from Inside the TASS Archives. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0811857987.)
- Пученков Александр Сергеевич Августовский путч 1991 г. : взгляд на события из здания ЦК (по показаниям очевидцев) . Архивировано 25 августа 2024 года.
- Большая российская энциклопедия Центральный комитет КПСС Архивная копия от 17 июня 2024 на Wayback Machine
- McCauley 1997, p. 105. (McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.)
- Постановление Архивная копия от 7 апреля 2014 на Wayback Machine Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г.
- Советский Союз. Последние годы жизни. Конец советской империи Медведев Рой Александрович Антикоммунистическая кампания в России
- Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. Н 169 «О деятельности КПСС И КП РСФСР» . Дата обращения: 26 апреля 2016. Архивировано 10 июня 2020 года.
- Постановление Архивная копия от 18 декабря 2007 на Wayback Machine № 9-П от 30 ноября 1992 года Дело о проверке конституционности Указов Президента Российской Федерации от 23 августа 1991 года № 79 «О приостановлении деятельности Коммунистической партии РСФСР», от 25 августа 1991 года № 90 «Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР» и от 6 ноября 1991 года № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР», а также о проверке конституционности КПСС и КП РСФСР (Дело КПСС) 26 мая, 6-15 июля, 20 июля — 4 августа, 14 сентября — 23 октября, 28 октября — 30 ноября 1992 года
- Backes & Moreau 2008, p. 415. (Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008). Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-36912-8.)
- ГЛАВНЫЙ КОРПУС КРЕМЛЯ. The VVM Library. Архів оригіналу за 28 січня 2018. Процитовано 27 січня 2018.
- Harper, Samuel N. (1929). «Foreign Governments and Politics: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union». The American Political Science Review (4): 956–971. ISSN 0003-0554. doi:10.2307/1946498. Consultado em 1 de junho de 2025
- А.Авторханов. Загадка смерти Сталина. См. lib.ru/POLITOLOG/awtorhan.txt_with-big-pictures.html
- McCauley 1997, p. 117. (McCauley, Martin (1997). Who's who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13898-1.)
- McCauley 1997, s. 117.
- WILLIAMSON, D. G. The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918–53. [s.l.]: Pearson Education, 2007. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0582505803. S. 42.
- Rogovin 2001, p. 38. (Rogovin, Vadim (2001). Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Mehring Books. ISBN 978-1893638082.)
- Rogovin 2001, p. 38. (Rogovin, Vadim (2001). Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Mehring Books. ISBN 978-1-893638-08-2.)
- Phillips 2001, p. 20. (Phillips, Steve (2001). The Cold War: conflict in Europe and Asia. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-32736-1.)
- Brown 2009, p. 59. (Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0061138799.)
- Taubman 2003, p. 258. (Taubman, William (2003). Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393051445.)
- Service 2009, p. 435. (Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0674034938.)