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Contents
  1. (Top)
  2. Parentage and early life
  3. The Golden Fleece
  4. Assembly of the Argonauts and the Argo
  5. Outward voyage to Colchis
  6. Deeds in Colchis
  7. Flight and return voyage
  8. Return to Iolcus and death of Pelias
  9. Subsequent exploits
  10. Corinth and the revenge of Medea
  11. Later years and death
  12. Children
  13. Historical cults and toponymy
  14. In literature and the arts
  15. References
Jason
Jason
NameJason (Ancient Greek: Ἰάσων)
ParentsAeson and Polymede (or Alcimede)
ConsortsMedea, Hypsipyle, Glauce (Creusa)
ChildrenMermerus, Pheres, Medus, Thessalus, Alcimenes, Tisander, Euneus
SiblingPromachus
RoleLeader of the Argonauts
QuestThe Golden Fleece
ShipArgo

Jason was an ancient Greek mythological hero, leader of the Argonauts, and the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcus. Sent by his uncle Pelias on an arduous voyage to Colchis to retrieve the Golden Fleece, Jason achieved the quest with the assistance of the sorceress Medea, whom he married. The myth became a foundational narrative in classical literature, appearing in works by Pindar, Euripides, and Apollonius of Rhodes, and inspired extensive adaptations across European literature, visual art, opera, and modern cinema.

Parentage and early life

Ancient authors traced Jason's ancestry to Prometheus through his son Deucalion, who survived the flood with his wife Pyrrha. Deucalion's son was Hellen, eponym of the Hellenes, and his grandson was Aeolus, eponym of the Aeolians.[1] Aeolus's sons included Cretheus, the founder and first king of Iolcus in Thessaly, as well as Sisyphus of Corinth, Salmoneus of Elis, and Athamas of Orchomenus.[1][2] Cretheus married his niece Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus, who bore him Aeson, Pheres, and Amythaon.[1][3] Tyro also had a union with the sea god Poseidon, which produced Pelias and Neleus.[1][2][3] In an alternative tradition, Pelias and Neleus were regarded as sons of Cretheus and were older than Aeson.[4] Through his mother, Jason was also considered a great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes.[5]

Jason's father was invariably identified as Aeson, but ancient sources gave differing names for his mother. She was named as Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus and Clymene, or alternatively as Polymede, Polymele, or Polypheme, daughter of Autolycus, which made Jason a cousin of Odysseus.[1][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Other traditions named her Amphinome, Theognete daughter of Laodicus, Rhoeo, Arne, Scarphe, Eteoclymene, or Philyra.[5][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] While Apollonius of Rhodes described Jason as an only child, other authors mentioned a younger brother named Promachus and a sister named Hippolyte, who married Acastus, son of Pelias.[22][23][24][25][26]

Following the death of Cretheus, the kingship of Iolcus passed not to Aeson but to his half-brother Pelias. According to one account, Pelias and Neleus violently overthrew Aeson; according to another, Aeson voluntarily yielded authority until his son reached maturity.[4][27][28] An oracle warned Pelias that an Aeolid would bring about his death, leading Pelias to kill all the descendants of Aeson he could reach, though he spared Aeson himself.[29][30] When Aeson's wife gave birth to a son initially named Diomedes, she saved the infant by gathering female attendants who wept loudly to pretend the child was stillborn.[30][31] The child was secretly smuggled out of Iolcus wrapped in red swaddling clothes and taken to Mount Pelion to be raised by the centaur Chiron.[29][30][31][32] Chiron instructed the youth in the arts of hunting, weapons, and healing; from this instruction in medicine the centaur gave him the name Jason, derived from the Greek verb iasthai, meaning to heal.[33][34][35][36][37][38]

When Jason reached the age of twenty, he set out on foot for Iolcus to demand his father's inheritance.[39] While crossing the swollen waters of the river Anauros, he met an old woman asking to be carried to the other bank.[29][40][41] Other accounts located this crossing at the Evenus, the Enipeus, or the Ister.[13][42][43][44] Jason took her upon his back and carried her across, losing his left sandal in the riverbed.[29][40] The old woman was the goddess Hera in disguise, who held a grudge against Pelias for neglecting her sacrifices and chose to favor Jason.[29][45][46][47][48]

Jason arrived in the public square of Iolcus wearing a panther skin, carrying a spear in each hand, and barefoot on one foot, just as Pelias was conducting sacrifices to Poseidon.[1][29] Pelias had received an oracle warning him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal.[1][29] When Pelias questioned the stranger, Jason demanded the return of his royal heritage.[1][29] Pelias asked Jason what he would do if he were king and an oracle foretold that a citizen would kill him; inspired by Hera, Jason answered that he would send the man to Colchis to bring back the Golden Fleece.[1] Pelias seized upon the answer and commanded Jason to undertake the quest, hoping he would perish in the Black Sea.[1][29][49][50]

The Golden Fleece

The Golden Fleece had been carried to Colchis by Phrixus, son of King Athamas of Orchomenus and nephew of Cretheus, making him a first cousin to Aeson.[51][52] Phrixus and his sister Helle had fled persecution by their stepmother Ino upon a golden-fleeced flying ram named Chrysomallos, provided by their mother, the cloud goddess Nephele.[51][52][53] While Helle fell into the sea and drowned, giving her name to the Hellespont, Phrixus reached Colchis on the eastern coast of the Euxine Sea.[51] Phrixus married Chalciope, the elder daughter of King Aeetes.[54] Phrixus sacrificed the ram to Zeus Phyxios and presented its golden fleece to Aeetes, who nailed it to an oak tree in a sacred grove of Ares, where it was guarded night and day by a sleepless dragon.[51][52] The prosperity of Colchis was believed to depend upon the presence of the fleece.[55]

Assembly of the Argonauts and the Argo

To prepare for the expedition, Jason commissioned Argus, son of Arestor or of Phrixus, to build a fifty-oared vessel at the harbor of Pagasae from pine timber felled on Mount Pelion.[56][57][58] The goddess Athena guided the construction and fitted into the prow a beam carved from the sacred speaking oak of Dodona, dedicated to Zeus, which possessed the gift of prophecy.[1][56][57] The ship was named the Argo after its builder, and its crew became known as the Argonauts.[29][56][58][59]

Jason dispatched heralds throughout the Greek world to recruit heroes for the enterprise.[59][60] The size of the crew varied widely among ancient mythographers: Pindar named ten companions, Pseudo-Apollodorus recorded forty-six, Valerius Flaccus listed fifty-two, Apollonius of Rhodes named fifty-five, and Hyginus compiled sixty-seven names, with twenty-eight figures common to all major catalogues.[58][60][61] The assembled crew included Heracles, Orpheus, Peleus, Telamon, Castor and Polydeuces, Zetes and Calais, Meleager, Philoctetes, Atalanta, Augeas, Admetus, Idas, Lynceus, Euphemus, and the seer Idmon.[58][62][63][64] The Argonauts initially offered the supreme command to Heracles, but he refused and insisted that Jason lead the expedition because he had initiated it.[65][66]

Outward voyage to Colchis

Setting sail from Pagasae, the Argo made its first stop at the island of Lemnos in the northern Aegean.[67][68][69] A year earlier, the women of Lemnos had neglected the worship of Aphrodite, who punished them with an offensive odor that drove their husbands to take Thracian concubines; in retaliation, the women slaughtered all male inhabitants while they slept.[67][68][69] Only King Thoas was spared, set adrift at sea in a wooden chest by his daughter Hypsipyle, who became queen.[67][68] The Lemnian women welcomed the Argonauts and consorted with them, producing a new generation known as the Minyae.[67][68][69] Jason fathered twin sons with Hypsipyle, named Euneus and Nebrophonus, also called Deipylus or Thoas.[46][68][70][71][72][73] Heracles, who took no part and was disgusted by the crew's conduct, urged the Argonauts to leave.[54][74] In another version, Orpheus drew his companions back to the ship with his playing and singing.[54][75][76]

The Argonauts next visited Samothrace, where they were initiated into the mysteries of the Cabeiri.[77][78] Passing through the Hellespont under cover of darkness to avoid the hostile patrols of King Laomedon of Troy, they arrived in the territory of the Doliones on the southern shore of the Propontis, ruled by the young king Cyzicus.[79][80] Cyzicus received the Argonauts with warmth and warned them of Bear Mountain, inhabited by the Gegeines, a hostile tribe of six-armed giants.[80] The Argonauts fought off the six-armed giants who lived on the local mountain.[80]

After departing from Cyzicus, adverse winds and nightfall caused the Argonauts to lose their bearings and drift back to the same coast.[79][80] In the darkness, the Doliones mistook them for invading Pelasgians or pirates, and a fierce nocturnal battle ensued.[79][80] The Argonauts killed many Doliones, and Jason himself slew King Cyzicus.[79] At daybreak, both sides recognized the tragic mistake.[81][82] Cyzicus's grief-stricken wife Clite hanged herself, and her tears were said to have formed a freshwater spring.[80] The Argonauts remained on the island for several days, sheared their hair in mourning, buried the dead with elaborate funeral games, and propitiated the goddess Rhea on Mount Dindymon before sailing onward.[80][81][82]

In Mysia, the crew stopped to replace a broken oar snapped by Heracles during a rowing contest.[83] While fetching fresh water from a spring, Heracles' young companion Hylas was seized and pulled beneath the surface by water nymphs who were captivated by his beauty.[83][84] Heracles went in search of Hylas.[84] A favorable wind arose, and Jason ordered the Argo to put to sea, leaving Heracles and Polyphemus behind. It later became known that Heracles was not fated to reach Colchis, either by the will of Zeus or because he was too heavy for the deck of the Argo.[83][84][85][86]

The Argo next landed in the country of the Bebryces in Bithynia, whose king, Amycus, compelled all visiting strangers to engage him in a fatal boxing match.[87][88][89] Polydeuces accepted the challenge, outmaneuvered the giant king, and killed him with a blow to the head.[87][88] A general skirmish followed in which the Bebryces attacked the crew, but the Argonauts repelled them with great slaughter and plundered the coast, after which Jason sacrificed twelve red bulls to Poseidon.[87][88][90]

Arriving at Salmydessus in eastern Thrace, the Argonauts encountered the blind prophet Phineus, an emaciated former king who was tormented by the Harpies.[89][91][92] Phineus had been blinded by the gods for revealing divine secrets, and whenever food was set before him, the Harpies swooped down, snatched the food, and fouled the rest with a stench.[91][92][93] Jason took pity on the king and, in one version, killed the Harpies when they returned.[93] In other versions the Boreads Zetes and Calais drove the Harpies away, and they never returned to Thrace.[91][92] In gratitude, Phineus instructed the Argonauts on the safe navigation of the Symplegades and revealed the route to Colchis.[91][92][93]

The passage into the Euxine Sea was blocked by the Symplegades, two massive clashing cliffs that slammed together continuously to crush passing vessels.[91][94][95] Following Phineus's instructions, Jason released a dove as the Argo approached the narrow strait; the bird flew through safely, losing only its tail feathers.[91][93][94] Seeing this good omen, the Argonauts rowed with all their strength and guided the ship between the parting rocks, which closed just as the stern passed through, shearing off only a small portion of the stern ornament.[91][93][94] From the time the Argo became the first ship to pass between them, the Symplegades remained fixed in place.[91][93][96]

Further east, they landed in the territory of the Mariandyni, where King Lycus received them hospitably in gratitude for their defeat of his enemy Amycus.[97][98] During this stay, the seer Idmon was killed by a wild boar and the helmsman Tiphys died suddenly of an illness; Ancaeus replaced Tiphys at the helm, and Lycus sent his son Dascylus to accompany the Argonauts as a guide.[97][99] Continuing past the lands of the Chalybes, Tibareni, and Mossynoeci, they skirmished with bronze-feathered Stymphalian birds near the island of Ares and rescued the shipwrecked sons of Phrixus, Argus, Cytissorus, Melas, and Phrontis, who joined the expedition.[63][100] Finally, the Argo reached the mouth of the Phasis river in Colchis beneath the Caucasus Mountains.[101][102]

Deeds in Colchis

Arriving at the royal palace in Aea, Jason presented himself before King Aeetes and formally requested the Golden Fleece.[103][104] Reluctant to part with the fleece that protected his realm, Aeetes devised an ordeal he believed impossible: Jason had to yoke two bronze-hoofed, fire-breathing bulls (Khalkotauroi) fashioned by Hephaestus, plow the sacred field of Ares, sow the furrow with dragon's teeth from the dragon slain by Cadmus, and defeat the army of armored warriors that sprouted from the ground.[103][104] Faced with these demands, Jason fell into despair.[103]

Hera and Athena intervened on Jason's behalf by asking Aphrodite to send her son Eros to inspire Medea, Aeetes's younger daughter and a sorceress, with an irresistible passion for the hero.[103][104][105] Medea met Jason secretly at night and agreed to aid him on condition that he swear an oath before the gods to take her to Greece as his wife.[106] She provided him with a magical salve, distilled from a flower nourished by the blood of Prometheus, which made his body, shield, and weapons invulnerable to fire and bronze for twenty-four hours.[107][108][109] She also revealed that the warriors who grew from the dragon's teeth could be defeated if he threw a stone into their midst, which would cause them to accuse one another and fight among themselves.[103][107]

On the day of the contest, Jason applied the ointment, confronted the raging bulls unharmed by their fiery breath, forced them into the yoke, and plowed the four-acre field of Ares.[103][107][110] When he sowed the dragon's teeth, an army of armed warriors sprang from the earth.[103][107] Before they could advance upon him, Jason hurled a large boulder into their ranks; bewildered as to who threw it, the warriors turned on each other in a frenzy of slaughter, and Jason dispatched the few survivors with his sword.[103][107]

Despite Jason's success, Aeetes refused to surrender the fleece and planned to burn the Argo and murder the crew.[107] Aware of her father's treachery, Medea guided Jason to the sacred grove of Ares during the night.[107][111][112] With chanting and herbal potions, she bewitched and put to sleep the colossal dragon that guarded the oak tree.[103][111][112] Jason took down the Golden Fleece, led Medea to the Argo, and the Argonauts put out to sea under cover of night.[103][107][112]

Flight and return voyage

King Aeetes dispatched a Colchian fleet in pursuit of the Argo, leading to the death of Medea's brother Apsyrtus.[107][113][114] In one widespread tradition, Apsyrtus was a young boy whom Medea had taken aboard; when Aeetes's pursuit drew near, Medea killed the child, dismembered his body, and scattered the pieces across the sea, forcing the king to halt his ships to collect his son's remains for burial.[107][114] In an alternative version found in Apollonius of Rhodes, Apsyrtus was an adult commander sent with a war fleet who overtook the Argonauts in the Adriatic Sea near the court of King Alcinous; Medea lured her brother to an isolated temple under the pretense of negotiation, where Jason ambushed, killed, and dismembered him.[115][116]

The geography of the return voyage differed greatly across classical sources. In archaic accounts, the Argonauts sailed from the Phasis into the encircling Ocean, crossed the Erythraean Sea, carried their ship on their shoulders across Libya for twelve days to Lake Tritonis, and returned through the Nile to the Mediterranean.[117][118] Later traditions traced the journey up the Ister (Danube), through waterways connecting to the Adriatic or the Eridanus (Po) and Rhodanus (Rhone), before descending into the Tyrrhenian Sea.[117][119] In local Slovenian legend, Jason and the Argonauts navigated up the Danube, Sava, and Ljubljanica rivers to Vrhnika, where they dismantled the ship and carried it overland to the Adriatic, with Jason reputedly slaying a dragon and founding Ljubljana.[120][121]

As punishment for the murder of Medea's brother, Zeus sent a series of storms that drove the ship off course.[122][123] The prophetic oak of Dodona on the prow of the Argo spoke aloud, declaring that the crew would find no rest until they obtained purification from the sorceress Circe, Medea's aunt, on the island of Aeaea.[124][125] Circe performed the purification rite, cleansing the Argonauts of the blood of Apsyrtus.[124][125]

Continuing their homeward journey through western waters, the Argonauts passed the Sirenum scopuli, the rocky islets where the Sirens lured passing mariners to shipwreck with their bewitching songs.[124][126][127] As Chiron had foreseen, Orpheus drew out his lyre and sang a melody that drowned out the Sirens' voices; only the Argonaut Butes leaped into the water, but Aphrodite plucked him from the sea and settled him at Lilybaeum.[124][126][128] The Argo then navigated the Planctae (Wandering Rocks) as well as the strait of Scylla and Charybdis with the assistance of the sea nymph Thetis and the Nereids, sent by Hera.[124]

The Argonauts arrived at the island of the Phaeacians, ruled by King Alcinous and Queen Arete, where another detachment of Colchian pursuers caught up with them and demanded the return of Medea.[116][124] Alcinous ruled privately that if Medea was still a maiden she must return to her father, but if she was already Jason's wife she would remain with her husband.[116][124] Informed of this by Arete, Jason and Medea promptly consummated their marriage that night in the sacred cave of Macris.[116][124][129] The following day Alcinous dismissed the Colchians, who, fearing Aeetes's wrath, chose not to return home and founded the city of Pola in Istria.[129]

A gale subsequently drove the Argo into the Gulf of Syrtis off the coast of Libya, where the ship became stranded in the shallows.[118][124] Directed by local heroines, the Argonauts lifted the vessel onto their shoulders and carried it for twelve days across the desert to Lake Tritonis.[118] After Jason dedicated a bronze tripod to the god Triton, the divinity opened a passage connecting the lake to the Mediterranean Sea and prophesied the founding of Cyrene by descendants of the helmsman Euphemus.[130]

Before reaching Greece, the Argo put in at Crete, which was guarded by Talos, a giant bronze automaton crafted by Hephaestus that patrolled the coastline and pelted approaching vessels with boulders.[124][127][131] Talos possessed a single vein filled with divine ichor running from his neck to his ankle, stopped by a bronze nail.[127][131] Medea bewitched the automaton with spells and visions of mortality; either Medea or Poeas pulled the bronze nail from his heel, causing the ichor to drain away and leaving Talos dead.[124][127][131] After a final stop at the island of Aegina to take on fresh water, the Argonauts returned to Pagasae, having completed their voyage in four months according to Pseudo-Apollodorus.[124][132]

Return to Iolcus and death of Pelias

When the Argonauts returned to Thessaly, they discovered that Pelias, convinced the Argo had been lost with all hands, had moved against Jason's family.[133][134][135] Pelias had forced Aeson to drink lethal bull's blood, murdered Jason's infant brother Promachus by dashing him against the floor, and driven his mother Amphinome to commit suicide by hanging or by throwing herself upon a sword.[133][134][135] Pelias did not intend to keep his promises to Jason.[136]

Jason devised a scheme of vengeance with Medea, who disguised herself as an aged priestess of Artemis and gained access to the royal palace.[134][137] She told Pelias's daughters that she possessed the secret of eternal youth and could rejuvenate their aging father by cutting his body into pieces and boiling them in a cauldron with magical herbs.[121][134][137][138] To demonstrate her power, Medea slaughtered an old ram, cut it into pieces, and boiled it with herbs; a young lamb leaped out of the cauldron.[134][137][138] Persuaded by the display, the Pelíades, except for the youngest daughter, Alcestis, butchered their father and cast his flesh into the boiling water.[134][137][138] Medea withheld the magical herbs, and Pelias died in the cauldron.[134][137][138]

Pelias's son Acastus took power in Iolcus and banished Jason and Medea for the murder.[114][139][140] In another account, Jason gave up power over Iolcus for fear of Acastus's revenge.[140][141] Jason dedicated the Golden Fleece in the temple of Zeus at Orchomenus and consecrated the ship Argo to Poseidon on the Isthmus of Corinth.[141] Jason and Medea then sought asylum in Corinth, where King Creon welcomed them.[138][142]

Subsequent exploits

Ancient authors including Pseudo-Apollodorus, Ovid, and Hyginus recorded that Jason participated in the Calydonian Boar Hunt in Aetolia alongside Meleager, Atalanta, Peleus, and Telamon.[143][144][145][146]

Jason later joined Peleus and the Dioscuri in a punitive expedition against Iolcus to depose King Acastus.[147] They sacked the city.[148] Jason subsequently installed his son Thessalus as king of Iolcus.[148][149]

Corinth and the revenge of Medea

Jason and Medea lived in Corinth for ten years and raised several children.[114][142][150] Seeking to strengthen his political standing and secure royal succession, Jason decided to abandon Medea and marry Glauce, also called Creusa, the daughter of King Creon of Corinth.[114][138][142][150] When Medea confronted Jason over his betrayal of his marital oaths, he dismissed her accusations and replied that his true benefactor had not been Medea but Aphrodite, who had compelled her to love him.[138][151][152]

Enraged by Jason's ingratitude, Medea prepared a deadly wedding present for Glauce: a golden crown and a finely woven bridal gown steeped in caustic poisons.[114][138][142][150] As soon as the princess put on the garments, they burst into unnatural flames that adhered to her flesh and consumed her alive; Creon rushed to embrace his dying daughter and was burned to death alongside her.[138][142][150] Medea then killed her sons by Jason, Mermerus and Pheres, to inflict the ultimate sorrow upon him and to prevent them from being slain or enslaved by the Corinthians.[114][138][142][150] As Jason rushed to the house, Medea appeared above the roof in a winged chariot drawn by dragons, sent by her grandfather Helios, bearing the corpses of her children, and escaped toward Athens.[138][142][150][153]

Later years and death

Having violated his sworn oath of lifelong fidelity to Medea, Jason lost the favor of Hera.[153][154][155] Several differing accounts of his death were preserved in classical antiquity. According to one tradition recorded by Diodorus Siculus, Jason was overwhelmed by despair at the loss of his family and committed suicide.[156][157][158][159] In an alternative version, he perished in the fire at the Corinthian palace along with Glauce and Creon.[156]

In a third version, Jason lived to old age and died lonely and unhappy.[156] In his old age, he returned to the Isthmus of Corinth where the decaying hull of the Argo was beached beside the sanctuary of Poseidon.[156] While resting beneath its shadow, a rotting timber from the prow or stern broke free and fell upon his head, crushing him to death instantly.[153][154][156]

Children

Ancient authors differed widely regarding the number and identity of Jason's children. By Medea, he was said to have fathered Mermerus and Pheres, who were murdered in Corinth; in alternative accounts, their names were given as Alcimenes and Tisander, who were killed, and Thessalus, who escaped to rule Iolcus.[149][160][161][162][163][164] Hesiod and Cinaethon mentioned an elder son Medeius (or Medus), and Cinaethon recorded a daughter named Eriopis.[165][166][167][168][169] Hellanicus mentioned another son named Polyxenus, while Parmeniscus asserted that Medea bore Jason seven sons and seven daughters.[170][171][172][173][174] By Queen Hypsipyle of Lemnos, Jason fathered Euneus, who became king of Lemnos, and a twin brother variously identified as Nebrophonus, Deipylus, or Thoas.[46][70][71][72][73][175][176][177] Later traditions also attributed to Jason an unpartnered son named Argus, who was loved by Heracles, and another named Apis, who was accidentally killed at the funeral games of Azan in Arcadia.[34][178][179][180]

Historical cults and toponymy

Throughout the ancient Mediterranean, numerous locations claimed cults and monuments associated with Jason and the Argonauts. At Cyzicus, where the crew had offered sacrifices, local sanctuaries were dedicated to Apollo Jasonios and Athena Jasonia.[181] Strabo noted widespread Jasonia (hero-shrines of Jason) throughout Armenia, Media, and neighboring lands, as well as along the Propontis, Hellespont, and the Black Sea coast near Sinope.[182][183] Many of these monuments date to the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great; according to Justin, Parmenion tore down a temple of Jason so that no name in the East would be more revered than Alexander's, although Strabo records that Parmenion built the temple of Jason at Abdera.[184][185] Tacitus noted that the ancient Iberians and Albanians of the Caucasus still celebrated traditional rites in Jason's honor.[186]

Several cities claimed to be the site of Jason and Medea's marriage, including locations in Colchis, Iolcus, Byzantium, the island of Peuke in the Danube delta, and a sacred cave on Corcyra.[187][188][189][190][191][192] In Thessaly, the city of Larissa stamped a single sandal upon its silver coinage as an emblem commemorating Jason.[193] Along the northern coast of Anatolia, Cape Jason (modern Yason Burnu in Turkey) preserved his name, with Xenophon recording in his Anabasis that the Argo was reputed to have anchored there.[194][195]

In literature and the arts

The expedition of the Argonauts is among the oldest themes in Greek epic poetry. Homer referred to the Argo in the Odyssey as well-known to all and noted that it was the only vessel ever to pass the Planctae.[196][197][198][199] Lost archaic epics such as the Naupactia, Eumelus of Corinth's Corinthiaca, and a 6,500-line poem by Epimenides treated Jason's exploits.[200][201][202] The earliest surviving account appears in Hesiod's Theogony and Catalogue of Women, followed by Pindar's Fourth Pythian Ode, which depicted Jason as a courageous spearman whose heroic virtue matched Medea's magic.[200][203] Classical Greek dramatists wrote extensively on the myth: Aeschylus composed the tragedies Argo, Hypsipyle, and the satyr play Cabeiri, while Sophocles wrote The Colchian Women, Scythians, Root-Cutters, and Lemnian Women, though only fragments survive.[200][204][205][206][207][208] Euripides' tragedy Medea, staged in 431 BC, focused on the betrayal in Corinth and established an enduring portrait of Jason as an opportunistic and unfaithful husband.[138][203][209][210]

In the Hellenistic period, Apollonius of Rhodes composed the epic poem Argonautica in Alexandria, which provided the most detailed surviving narrative of the quest.[211][212][213] Roman literature expanded upon these foundations: Gaius Valerius Flaccus wrote an eight-book Latin Argonautica in the first century AD, Seneca composed a tragedy titled Medea, and Ovid addressed Jason's relationships in Metamorphoses and in poetic epistles from Medea and Hypsipyle in the Heroides.[103][211][214][215][216] In late antiquity, the Orphic Argonautica retold the expedition from the perspective of Orpheus.[213][217]

In ancient visual art, Jason appeared frequently on Attic and South Italian red-figure vases, Pompeian wall frescoes, and Roman sarcophagi.[218][219][220][221][222] An Attic kylix painted by Douris around 480 to 470 BC depicted Jason being regurgitated from the jaws of the dragon in the presence of Athena.[218][222][223][224] Terracotta reliefs, such as those from the Villa Albani and the Borgia Museum in Velletri, illustrated the construction of the Argo, while Roman coins and sarcophagi displayed Jason yoking the fire-breathing bulls and taking the fleece.[220][225]

During the Middle Ages, Jason was primarily known through Dares Phrygius's De excidio Troiae historia and Benoît de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie, where the Argonauts' conflict with King Laomedon served as the direct prologue to the Trojan War.[226][227] In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, Jason was placed in the eighth circle of Hell (Bolgia 1) among the seducers and panderers for his abandonment of Hypsipyle and Medea, while Dante also invoked the wonder of the Argo in the Paradiso.[227] In 1430, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, founded the chivalric Order of the Golden Fleece, and around 1460 Raoul Lefèvre wrote the Histoire de Jason to rehabilitate the hero as a model of chivalric honour.[228][229]

In the early modern era, treatments for the stage included Pierre Corneille's tragedies Médée (1635) and La Toison d'or (1660), as well as plays by Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderón de la Barca.[228][230][231] Francesco Cavalli's opera Giasone premiered in Venice in 1649 and became one of the most widely performed operas of the seventeenth century, followed by operatic settings by Pascal Colasse, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, and Luigi Cherubini.[232] In 1728, Isaac Newton argued in The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended that a large part of the constellations derived from the story of the Argonauts.[233][234]

In nineteenth-century literature, Franz Grillparzer published his trilogy of plays Das goldene Vlies in 1821, and William Morris published the epic poem The Life and Death of Jason in 1867.[232][235][236][237] The myth held particular significance for symbolist painters and poets, including Gustave Moreau, who painted Jason in 1865, as well as Russian writers Andrei Bely, Alexander Blok, and Valery Bryusov, who adopted the Argonauts as symbols of spiritual quest.[238][239] Modern twentieth-century dramas include Jean Anouilh's Médée (1946) and Cesare Pavese's Dialogues with Leucò (1947).[240][241]

Jason's adventures were adapted to twentieth-century cinema, beginning with Riccardo Freda's I giganti della Tessaglia (1960) and Don Chaffey's Jason and the Argonauts (1963), starring Todd Armstrong, which featured stop-motion animation effects by Ray Harryhausen.[242][243] Pier Paolo Pasolini directed Medea in 1969 starring Maria Callas and Giuseppe Gentile, while Lars von Trier adapted Dreyer's script for television in 1988 starring Udo Kier.[244][245] In 2000, Hallmark produced the television miniseries Jason and the Argonauts starring Jason London.[242][246]

Where editions disagree (3)
Identity of Jason's mother
  • English: Lists her as Alcimede, Polymede, Polymele, Polypheme, Amphinome, Theognete, Rhoeo, Arne, or Scarphe.
  • Spanish: Lists her as Polymela, Polymele, Polymede, Polypheme, Alcimede, Alcimeda, Amphinome, Rhoeo, Eteoclymene, Arne, Scarphe, or Theogneta.
  • Estonian: Identifies her as Alkimede or Philyra.
Manner of Jason's death
  • English: Jason died when the rotting stern of the Argo fell on him while he was asleep under it.
  • Russian: He died either in the palace fire with his bride, committed suicide, or was crushed by the falling wreckage of the Argo in old age.
  • French: Jason was killed when the detached prow of the Argo fell on his head, or according to Diodorus Siculus committed suicide.
  • Italian: He died when the Argo collapsed on him, or in an alternative version died of a broken heart upon hearing of the murder of his children.
Origin of the quest for the Golden Fleece
  • English: Pelias imposed the condition that Jason must find the Golden Fleece to take the throne, which Jason readily accepted.
  • Russian: In one account Pelias promised to abdicate after Jason brought the fleece to appease Phrixus's ghost; in another, Jason, prompted by Hera, suggested the quest himself when Pelias asked what he would do to someone who brought him death.
  • Greek: Pelias commanded the mission, but another tradition states Jason decided himself, inspired by Hera to punish Pelias.
Sources (73 Wikipedia editions)

The non-English editions provide substantial additional material beyond the English article. The Russian and Italian editions detail Jason's early youth, including his slaying of a leopard in Dasoktima Polydendriou, his defense of Herakleion in Pieria against Phoenician pirates, and his subsequent participation in the Amazonomachy and the Calydonian Boar Hunt. Non-English editions also document ancient cultic sites and toponyms such as the Jasonia mentioned by Strabo in Armenia and Media, the coinage of Larissa bearing a sandal, the naming of Cape Jason in Xenophon's Anabasis, and the medieval political significance of the myth through the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece.

Assembled from the Wikipedia articles below, each pinned to the revision read on 2026-09-27. Together they hold 439 references; the English article alone has 35.

EditionArticleRevisionSizeRefs
EnglishJason137681438229.8 KB35
RussianЯсон155251852134.0 KB6
ItalianGiasone (personaggio mitologico)15222281350.9 KB19
UkrainianЯсон4383047038.2 KB35
SerbianЈасон3117965437.6 KB32
SpanishJasón17459791933.3 KB43
GreekΙάσονας1082483327.7 KB14
AsturianXasón451757525.2 KB12
NorwegianJason (gresk mytologi)2580371722.3 KB28
FrenchJason23887540119.8 KB15
CatalanJàson3837166819.6 KB28
BulgarianЯзон1303023718.4 KB20
BashkirЯсон122004815.4 KB18
TurkishYason3806930714.6 KB10
FinnishIason2383880412.8 KB8
Hebrewיאסון (מיתולוגיה)4314165312.2 KB0
AragoneseChasón242443010.7 KB12
AfrikaansJason (mitologie)286257310.1 KB0
GermanIason2622413099.9 KB10
SlovakIasón82521649.7 KB0
Punjabiਜੇਸਨ7169359.7 KB17
CroatianJazon72673149.6 KB0
OccitanJason24975469.5 KB5
Serbian (Latin)Jazon422423939.5 KB0
LatinIason36426378.8 KB11
MacedonianЈасон56147468.4 KB3
Persianیاسون441454538.2 KB1
CzechIásón252050548.1 KB1
PolishJazon (mitologia)771504667.8 KB0
EsperantoJazono90930677.6 KB0
AzerbaijaniYason88296417.6 KB0
KurdishÎason20628837.4 KB1
Japaneseイアーソーン1063616117.0 KB2
BasqueJason95884896.1 KB1
Malayalamജാസൺ40129486.0 KB2
GalicianXasón72266695.8 KB1
DutchJason (mythologie)717614055.2 KB0
PortugueseJasão727643014.9 KB12
IcelandicJason Argóarfari16195574.6 KB0
HungarianIaszón291299844.6 KB1
ArmenianՅասոն97964034.2 KB1
EstonianIason58875094.0 KB5
Arabicجاسون699595884.0 KB3
Korean이아손412357093.9 KB0
DanishJason103056113.9 KB1
Burmeseဂျေးဆန်6225213.8 KB1
Chinese伊阿宋916034553.7 KB14
BelarusianЯсон44900223.4 KB1
Thaiเจสัน129309033.1 KB1
MalayIason61910443.0 KB1
SwedishJason529906922.6 KB1
SicilianGiasuni (mituluggìa)7545202.4 KB0
BretonIason21302282.3 KB1
RomanianIason169546991.9 KB0
Georgianიასონი45094971.8 KB0
IndonesianIason291505011.8 KB1
VietnameseJason (thần thoại)744368871.8 KB0
Mingrelianიასონი2388851.7 KB0
simpleJason105333511.5 KB2
LuxembourgishIason25013671.5 KB0
WelshIason143125891.4 KB1
Urduجاسن93613481.2 KB2
SlovenianJazon66261431.1 KB0
ScotsJason7841450.8 KB0
LatvianJāsons35541290.7 KB0
LithuanianJasonas62840600.5 KB0
IrishIasón11887180.5 KB0
FilipinoJason15327620.5 KB0
MalagasyJason10552240.3 KB0
zh_yue伊阿宋23985460.3 KB0
Wu Chinese伊阿宋2494530.3 KB0
WarayJason (mitolohiya)23117760.3 KB0
IdoJason10629990.2 KB0
The text on this page comes from the Wikipedia articles listed above, written by their contributors, and is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence. It was translated and merged from those articles, may contain errors, and has not been reviewed by Wikipedia editors. The image is from Wikimedia Commons; its own licence is on its file page. SuperCharged Wiki is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Wikimedia Foundation. How this works.

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  89. след като аргонавтите Зет и Калаид, синове на бога на северния вятър Борей го спасяват от ужасяващите летящи демони Харпии
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  95. предполагаемо някъде в района на сегашните Дарданели
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  97. Аполлоній Родоський II.858-898; Орфічна аргонавтика 729 та далі; Цець. Схолії до Лікофрона 890; Валерій Флакк V.13 та далі; Гігін. Міфи 14 та 18; Аполлодор I.9.23.
  98. с епоним Мариандин, син на Финей
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  102. Аполлоній Родоський II.1030-1285; Орфічна аргонавтика 747—755; Валерій Флакк V.153-183.
  103. "Metamorphoses".
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  105. Тахо-Годи, 1999, с. 176. (Тахо-Годи А. Греческая культура в мифах, символах и терминах. — СПб.: Алетейя, 1999. — 718 с.)
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  107. Аполлодор, 1972, I, 9, 23. (Аполлодор. Мифологическая библиотека. — Л.: Наука, 1972. — 216 с.)
  108. Софокл. Колхидянки, фр.340 Радт (?
  109. Гераклит-аллегорист. О невероятном 17
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  112. Аполлодор I.9.23; Аполлоній Родоський II.1260-IV.246; Діодор Сіцілійський IV.48.1-5; Валерій Флакк V.177-VIII.139; Гігін. Міфи 22; Піндар. Піфійські оди IV.221 та далі; Овідій. Метаморфози VII.1.138-139; Орфічна аргонавтика 755—1012.
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  114. Biblioteca mitológica I, 9, 23 - 24. I, 9, 23 - 28: traducción al francés. Traducción al inglés, en el Proyecto Perseus, con las características indicadas antes: 23; 24. Texto griego, en Wikisource: 23; 24.
  115. Зайцев, 1987, с. 99—100. (Зайцев А. Аргонавты // Мифы народов мира. — 1987. — Т. 1. — С. 98—100.)
  116. Fábulas: Apsirto (Absyrtus). Traducción al inglés, en el sitio Theoi. Texto latino, en el sitio de la Bibliotheca Augustana (Augsburgo). Ed. de 1872 en el Internet Archive: texto latino, en facsímil electrónico.
  117. Чистяков, 2001, с. 167; 175. (Чистяков Н. Сказание об аргонавтах, его история и поэма «Аргонавтика» Аполлония Родосского // Аполлоний Родосский. Аргонавтика. — 2001. — С. 141—172.)
  118. Аполлоній Родоський IV.1228-1460.
  119. Malatrait, 2008, s. 357—358. (Malatrait S. Iason und die Argonauten // Mythenrezeption. Die antike Mythologie in Literatur, Musik und Kunst von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. — 2008. — Bd. 5. — Kol. 357—366.)
  120. Symbolet for Ljubljana er en drage, avbildet på dens våpenskjold, sittende på toppen av byens festning. Abdunur, C. (2001): ARCH'01: Troisième conferénce internationale sur les ponts en arc. Presses des Ponts. ISBN 2-85978-347-4. s. 124. Den greske myten om Jason forteller at helten drepte et monster eller uhyre for å erobre det gylne skinn. Dette monsteret ble dragen i Ljubljana: «Dragon, the Symbol of Ljubljana» Arkivert 10. juli 2013 hos Wayback Machine..
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  126. Павсаній IX.34.2; Страбон VI.1.1; Орфічна аргонавтика 1284; Гомер. Цит. тв. XII.1-200.
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  128. Гомер. Одиссея XII 45
  129. Страбон I.2.39 та VII.5.5; Аполлоній Родоський IV.511-521; Гігін. Міфи 23; Аполлодор I.9.25; Каллімах. Цит. Страбон I.2.39.
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