KGB

Origins and establishment

The institutional lineage of the Soviet state security apparatus originated on 20 December 1917, when Vladimir Lenin and the Council of People's Commissars established the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, known as the Cheka, under the leadership of Felix Dzerzhinsky.^[8][9][10] Created as an extraordinary organ to combat counter-revolution, speculation, and sabotage, the Cheka was granted expansive powers of investigation, arrest, and summary execution.^[11][12] The personnel of all subsequent state security bodies continued to be known informally as Chekists.^[13] Over the succeeding three decades, the agency underwent multiple structural reorganizations and renamings, transitioning into the State Political Directorate (GPU) under the NKVD of the Russian SFSR in February 1922, and the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in November 1923.^[14][15] In July 1934, state security was reintegrated into the newly established all-union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) as the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB).^[16][17]

During the 1930s and 1940s, the security service served as Joseph Stalin's instrument for carrying out the Great Purge, mass deportations, and the administration of the Gulag labour camp system.^[18][19][20] The security apparatus itself experienced violent purges, resulting in the execution of successive chiefs Genrikh Yagoda in 1938 and Nikolai Yezhov in 1940.^{[19][21][22][23]} In 1943, the state security branch of the NKVD was separated from it as the independent People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)..^[24][25] In March 1946, the commissariat was renamed the Ministry of State Security (MGB) under Viktor Abakumov.^[26][27] In March 1953, Lavrentiy Beria merged the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) and the MGB into a single body, the MVD..^[28] In June 1953, amid strong opposition to Beria, Nikita Khrushchev and fellow Presidium members, backed by the military, arrested him, and he was executed in December 1953 alongside his closest associates.^{[29][30][31][32]}

The initiative to separate operational state security departments from the MVD into an independent entity came from Minister of Internal Affairs Sergei Kruglov, who submitted a formal proposal to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) on 4 February 1954.^[33][34] Kruglov's recommendations were discussed and approved by the CPSU Presidium on 8 February 1954, with the slight modification that the phrase 'for affairs of' was removed from the proposed title.^[34] On 13 March 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued Decree No. 137/40 officially forming the Committee for State Security attached to the Council of Ministers of the USSR.^[3][35] Colonel General Ivan Serov, formerly Kruglov's first deputy, was appointed chairman, and on 26 April 1954 the chairman was formally included in the Council of Ministers.^[3][35] Rather than holding the status of a full ministry or central organ of state administration, the KGB was initially designated as an agency attached to the government, a lower status that, according to some historians, reflected the wish of the party and Soviet leadership to deprive the security organs of their independence and subordinate them entirely to the CPSU apparatus.^[36]

Evolution and leadership

Immediately after its inception, the KGB underwent substantial retrenchment driven by the de-Stalinization campaign initiated by Soviet authorities. Declassified archival records show that during the mid-1950s the agency's total personnel was cut by more than 50 percent compared to 1954 levels.^[3] Over 3,500 municipal and district offices were dismantled, investigative departments were merged, and the structures of transport security and military special departments were simplified.^[3] In 1955, an additional reduction removed more than 7,500 staff members, and approximately 8,000 officers were transitioned to civilian status.^[3] At the 20th Party Congress in February 1956, Khrushchev delivered his secret speech denouncing Stalinist crimes, placing the blame on individual leaders while rehabilitating the concept of Chekist loyalty to preserve the institutional standing of the KGB.^[13][37]

On 25 December 1958, Ivan Serov was transferred to lead the GRU, and Alexander Shelepin, former head of the Komsomol and a party apparatchik, was appointed chairman.^[3] Shelepin purged many veteran Stalinist personnel, replacing them with educated university graduates recruited through the Komsomol, while streamlining administrative overhead.^[3] On 9 April 1959, the secret Statute on the Committee for State Security was adopted, establishing the KGB as an agency with the rights of a ministry, answering to the Presidium of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers. In December 1961, Shelepin moved to the Central Committee Secretariat and was succeeded by his protégé Vladimir Semichastny.^[38] During Semichastny's tenure, the 4th, 5th, and 6th Directorates were merged into the 2nd Chief Directorate, while surveillance functions were centralized within the 7th Directorate.^[39] In 1964, Semichastny and Shelepin helped remove Khrushchev from power. In 1967, Yuri Andropov was appointed chairman of the KGB..^[40]

Yuri Andropov directed the KGB for fifteen years, from 1967 to 1982, presiding over an unprecedented expansion of its bureaucratic influence and domestic reach.^[41][42] Andropov gained full membership in the CPSU Politburo in 1973, reinforcing the political weight of the security apparatus.^[41] On 5 July 1978, the agency was upgraded from an agency attached to the Council of Ministers to a central state committee of the USSR, formally renamed the Committee for State Security of the USSR (KGB of the USSR), giving its chairman a formal cabinet seat.^[43][44][45] In May 1982, Andropov relinquished the chairmanship to become Central Committee Secretary, eventually succeeding Brezhnev as General Secretary in November 1982.^[41] He was succeeded briefly by Vitaly Fedorchuk, formerly head of the Ukrainian KGB, who served until December 1982 when he was transferred to lead the MVD.^[46] Viktor Chebrikov headed the KGB from 1982 to 1988, when Vladimir Kryuchkov succeeded him..^[42]

Legal status and relationship with the Communist Party

Unlike conventional administrative ministries, the KGB was structured as a dual party-state institution whose primary institutional mandate was serving as the armed shield and sword of the Communist Party.^[47][48][49] Under the secret 1959 Statute approved by the CPSU Presidium, the committee was defined as a political organ carrying out party measures to safeguard the socialist state against internal and external enemies.^[48][50] Direct operational control and supervisory oversight belonged exclusively to the Politburo and the General Secretary, conducted through the chairman and one or two trusted deputies, bypassing ordinary governmental and parliamentary scrutiny.^[46][48] While the Council of Ministers heard formal periodic reports and nominally endorsed appointments, all leadership nominations, structural adjustments, and strategic directives required mandatory approval from the CPSU Central Committee.^[46][48]

A strict systemic barrier prohibited state security organs from gathering compromising material on members of the party, soviet, and trade union nomenclature.^[51] This restriction insulated political officials from law enforcement oversight, creating an environment that later fostered bureaucratic corruption and organized networks.^[51] At the operational level, the KGB provided the party leadership with a constant stream of raw and processed intelligence, including intercepted domestic communications, foreign broadcasts, political mood assessments, and covert surveillance files on prominent figures.^[48][52][53]

The statutory framework underwent fundamental revision only in the final months of the Soviet Union's existence. On 14 March 1990, Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, which codified the leading role of the CPSU, was formally revoked, sparking debates concerning the complete depoliticization of security organs.^[50][52] On 16 May 1991, the Supreme Soviet passed the Law of the USSR 'On the Organs of State Security in the USSR', which redefined the agency as accountable to legislative bodies, the President of the USSR, and the Cabinet of Ministers, while establishing that officers were bound strictly by law rather than party directives.^[50] Despite these reforms, the law preserved broad operational prerogatives, including preliminary investigation powers, warrantless monitoring of telecommunications and postal traffic, and detention rights.^[50] A subsequent statute was scheduled for implementation by January 1992, but was overtaken by the dissolution of the state.^[54]

Organizational structure

The operational core of the KGB was organized into main directorates, directorates, independent departments, and specialized military formations.^[6][55] Operational personnel carried military ranks, except for the maritime units of the Border Troops, which used naval ranks.^[55] At the time of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, the KGB's structure also included a Secretariat, a Group of Consultants to the Chairman, a Centre for Public Relations, an Inspection Directorate and a Mobilisation Department..

Chief directorates and functional departments

Foreign espionage and covert external operations were directed by the First Chief Directorate (PGU), located in a dedicated headquarters complex at Yasenevo outside Moscow.^[49][56] Within the PGU, Directorate S managed deep-cover illegal residents; Directorate T gathered foreign scientific and technical intelligence (Line X); Directorate K handled counter-espionage abroad and penetration of foreign services (Line KR); Service A conducted covert active measures and disinformation; and Directorate R managed operational planning and analysis.^{[57][58][59][60]} Geographical departments supervised field operations globally: Department 1 covered the United States and Canada; Department 2 Latin America; Department 3 the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia; Department 4 West Germany and Austria; Department 5 Romance-speaking Western Europe; Department 6 East Asia; Department 7 Southeast Asia and Japan; and Department 8 the Middle East, Greece, and Turkey.^[61][62][63]

Internal counter-intelligence and domestic surveillance were directed by the Second Chief Directorate (VGU), which coordinated monitoring of foreign diplomats, tourists, accredited journalists, and Soviet citizens in contact with foreigners.^[39][64][65] Its expansive Seventh Department supervised foreign tourists visiting the USSR through six specialized sections that monitored hotels, transit routes, and commercial facilities.^[64][65] Military counter-intelligence was vested in the Third Chief Directorate (administered as a Directorate between 1960 and 1982), which maintained Special Departments (Osobye Otdely) throughout the Soviet Army, Navy, Air Force, MVD Internal Troops, and military intelligence (GRU).^[55][66] Transport infrastructure was supervised by the Fourth Directorate, while the Sixth Directorate, created in 1982, oversaw economic counter-intelligence and industrial security.^[67]

Political policing, censorship, and religious monitoring were conducted by the Fifth Directorate, created under Yuri Andropov after he became KGB chairman in 1967..^{[40][41][68][69]} The Fifth Directorate, which also kept watch on intellectuals, was renamed Directorate Z for the Protection of the Constitutional Order in 1989..^[68][69][70] External physical surveillance of individuals was executed by the Seventh Directorate ('topturny').^[71] Government cryptography and state communications were controlled by the Eighth Chief Directorate, while radio interception, signals intelligence (SIGINT), and foreign telegraph tracking were managed by the Sixteenth Directorate, established in 1973.^[55][72][73]

VIP personal security was assigned to the Ninth Directorate, a 40,000-man formation responsible for close protection, perimeter security, and culinary screening for Politburo members, senior ministers, and visiting foreign dignitaries, while also operating the secure government telephone systems and Moscow's underground Metro-2 network.^[74] The Fifteenth Chief Directorate constructed, staffed, and maintained hardened subterranean command posts, bunkers, and alternate leadership centers designed to survive nuclear war.^[75] Technical equipment, listening bugs, chemical tools, and forensic document analysis were developed by the Operational-Technical Directorate (OTU), which housed dedicated research facilities, including Laboratory 12 for the synthesis of poisons and pharmaceuticals.^[76][77] Specialized legal, archival, and financial matters were managed by the Investigative Department, the 10th Record and Archive Department, and the 12th Department for audio interception.^[78]

Armed units, border troops, and special forces

The KGB maintained autonomous armed services independent of the Ministry of Defense, commanded by the Main Directorate of the Border Troops.^[55][79][80] By 1991, the Border Troops numbered between 200,000 and 245,000 soldiers, organized across ten regional border districts: Northwestern, Baltic, Western, Transcaucasian, Central Asian, Eastern, Transbaikal, Far Eastern, Pacific, and Northeastern, alongside the Separate Arctic Border Detachment, maritime naval patrols, and air aviation wings.^[79][80] Their primary task was securing the frontiers against territorial incursions and strictly preventing unauthorized departures by Soviet citizens.^[80] In January 1990, amid inter-ethnic unrest in the Caucasus, the 103rd Guards Airborne Division and the 75th Motorized Rifle Division were temporarily transferred from the Soviet Army to the KGB Border Troops to bolster the Turkish and Iranian frontiers.^[81][82] The 48th Motorized Rifle Division and the 27th Separate Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade were likewise transferred into the KGB command during 1990–1991.^[83][84]

Elite unconventional warfare and counter-terrorist capabilities were concentrated in special purpose units (Spetsnaz).^[6][55][85] Group A, known as Alpha Group, was established within the Seventh Directorate on 29 July 1974 to conduct counter-terrorist interventions, hostage rescues, and sensitive tactical operations.^[6] The KGB's special forces also included the Vympel group, a unit for sabotage operations abroad..^[55][86] Other KGB special units included the Zenith group, which took part in the assault on the Tajbeg Palace in Afghanistan in December 1979..^[87] Regional combat units also operated locally, such as the Baltika group in Leningrad and the quick reaction team in the Latvian SSR.^[85]

Republican branches and educational institutions

Within the federal structure of the Soviet Union, fourteen constituent republics operated dedicated territorial KGB branches that mirrored the functional layout of the central Moscow apparatus.^[88] In the Russian SFSR, where the all-union KGB had its headquarters, a separate republican security committee did not exist for most of the postwar era; all Russian affairs were handled directly by the central administration until the KGB of the RSFSR was established on 5 May 1991 under Viktor Ivanenko.^[89][90] Across the other republics, security bodies functioned under dual subordination, technically answering to both republican authorities and the central committee in Moscow, though Moscow exercised direct operational command.^[48] Following the collapse of the union in 1991, these branches transformed into national intelligence and security ministries across the newly sovereign republics, with Belarus and the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia preserving the unreformed KGB title.^[91][92][93]

. The central facility for operational cadres was the Dzerzhinsky Higher School of the KGB in Moscow.^[94] Senior foreign intelligence personnel were trained at School No. 101, later designated the KGB Institute and renamed the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute in 1984.^[95] Specialized advanced operational training was provided by higher regional schools in Novosibirsk, Minsk, Kiev, Tbilisi, and Leningrad, as well as the Officer Advanced Training Courses (KUOS) and Facility 121 in Balashikha.^[96]

Operational methods and tradecraft

In foreign intelligence gathering, the KGB deployed both legal and illegal residents.^{[97][98][99][100]} Legal residents operated from within Soviet embassies, consulates, and trade delegations under diplomatic cover, granting them legal immunity from domestic prosecution if their intelligence activities were detected.^[97][98][99] If uncovered, host countries typically declared them personae non gratae and expelled them.^{[97][98][100]} Illegal residents, managed by Directorate S of the PGU, operated under deep non-official cover without diplomatic immunity, entering target nations on forged passports with manufactured backstories, known as 'legends'.^{[57][97][101][102]} Agents frequently lived for years in transit nations before moving to target countries, such as entering the United States via Canada, to establish credible Western backgrounds.^[101]

Foreign residency networks were organized into specific operational lines: Line PR collected political, economic, and military-strategic intelligence while implementing active measures; Line KR directed defensive counter-intelligence and security; Line X gathered foreign scientific and technical secrets; Line RP conducted radio interception and signals monitoring; Line N provided local logistical support to illegal residents; and Line EM monitored emigrant diaspora groups.^[98][103] Spies recruited abroad were categorized strictly: 'agents' delivered information, 'controllers' conveyed instructions, 'trusted persons' cooperated knowing they were influencing local circles on Moscow's behalf, and 'friendly persons' maintained close associations under commercial or cultural disguises.^{[104][105][106]}

Within the USSR, the Second Chief Directorate employed intrusive surveillance and entrapment operations against visiting foreigners, including businessmen, diplomats, journalists, and students.^{[65][107][108]} Intourist, the state travel monopoly, served as an operational cover to channel foreigners along fixed itineraries and through hotels equipped with concealed microphones and cameras.^{[65][109][110]} Surveillance targets were subjected to kompromat entrapment, frequently utilizing trained undercover operatives referred to as 'Mozhno girls' or 'swallows' to lure individuals into sexual relationships recorded on film for subsequent blackmail or recruitment.^{[109][111][112][113]} Foreign embassies were systematically targeted with hidden listening devices, with the United States Embassy in Moscow uncovering more than one hundred concealed microphones by 1960.^[114][115] Covert search teams regularly picked hotel locks and surreptitiously inspected diplomatic belongings using specialized lock-picking and technical support detachments.^[116][117]

Domestic suppression of dissent

Under the direction of Yuri Andropov and the Fifth Directorate, the suppression of internal opposition shifted away from mass physical violence toward targeted administrative harassment, legal persecution, and sophisticated psychological coercion.^[7][40] Measures deployed against intellectuals, human rights advocates, and religious figures included round-the-clock physical surveillance, interception of private correspondence, career obstruction, summonses for preventive prophylactic warnings, criminal exile beyond the '101st kilometre' perimeter of major metropolitan centres, and revocation of Soviet citizenship combined with permanent expulsion abroad.^[7][118]

A widespread practice was the forced commitment of political opponents to special psychiatric hospitals (psikhushkas), classifying political disagreement with the Soviet regime as a mental pathology such as 'sluggish schizophrenia'.^{[7][119][120][121]} Detained dissidents, such as Natalya Gorbanevskaya and Viktor Fainberg following the August 1968 Red Square demonstration, were subjected to fabricated psychiatric diagnoses and involuntary administration of debilitating neuroleptic pharmaceuticals.^{[121][122][123]} In 1978, the KGB planned to prosecute the philosopher and writer Aleksandr Zinoviev and commit him to a psychiatric hospital, but deemed the measure counterproductive due to Western public awareness and instead compelled him and his family into exile.^[7]

The persecution of Nobel laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn illustrated the agency's domestic campaigns. In summer 1973, officers detained his typist Elizaveta Voronyanskaya, interrogating her until she revealed the location of a concealed manuscript of The Gulag Archipelago, after which she returned home and committed suicide.^[124] Learning of her death, Solzhenitsyn ordered the immediate publication of the work in Paris, and the Soviet press launched a propaganda campaign accusing him of slandering the Soviet state and social system.^[124] In January 1974, Solzhenitsyn was arrested, charged with high treason, stripped of his Soviet citizenship, and deported from the country under Andropov's direct initiative.^[124][125] Physicist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Andrei Sakharov was placed under intensive surveillance beginning in the 1960s, culminating in his extrajudicial arrest in 1980 and subsequent seven-year internal exile in the closed city of Gorky.^[7][125]

The Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), formed in 1976 by physicist Yuri Orlov to monitor Soviet compliance with the human rights clauses of the Helsinki Accords, was systematically targeted.^[7] Other activists, such as Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Pyotr Grigorenko, and Vitaly Rubin, were coerced into foreign emigration.^[7] The agency also campaigned against Zionism: in summer 1970 it arrested a group of Soviet refuseniks who had tried to seize a passenger aircraft in order to emigrate, and every year it confiscated parcels of matzo sent by Jewish communities abroad to Soviet Jews for Passover.

Foreign operations and active measures

Beyond gathering strategic intelligence, the First Chief Directorate executed active measures designed to manipulate global public opinion, sow disinformation, and destabilize adversarial governments.^{[60][103][126][127]} The agency maintained influence over foreign international front organizations, including the World Federation of Trade Unions, the International Union of Students, and the International Organization of Journalists, using them to place propaganda and establish operational conduits abroad.^[127] According to some researchers, in the 1970s the KGB recruited the historian Nikolai Yakovlev to write books such as August 1, 1914 and CIA Against the USSR, which presented dissidents and Western intelligence agencies in a negative light and drew on material supplied by General Filipp Bobkov, much of it fabricated.^{[126][128][129]}

The Americas

Soviet intelligence operations in the United States dated back to the interwar era, beginning with the establishment of Boris Bazarov's legal residency and Iskhak Akhmerov's illegal residency in 1934.^[130][131] Supported by Earl Browder and the Communist Party USA, the NKVD and GRU penetrated federal agencies, recruiting high-level ideological informants including Laurence Duggan and Michael Straight in the State Department, Harry Dexter White in the Treasury, presidential adviser Lauchlin Currie, and members of Greg Silvermaster's network.^{[132][133][134][135]} The capstone of wartime infiltration was the penetration of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos through physicists Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall.^{[136][137][138]}

During the Cold War, the Red Scare and domestic counter-espionage disrupted illegal resident networks, culminating in the 1957 betrayal and arrest of Rudolf Abel (Vilyam Fisher) through his assistant Reino Häyhänen.^[139] The KGB subsequently shifted its recruitment strategy toward mercenary walk-in agents, achieving significant successes in the commercial and military sectors.^[140][141] In 1967, US Navy Warrant Officer John Anthony Walker volunteered his services, passing cipher keys and naval communications that allowed Soviet analysts to decrypt approximately one million American naval messages over eighteen years.^[140][141] In the 1980s, the KGB recruited FBI counter-intelligence special agent Robert Hanssen and CIA Soviet Division officer Aldrich Ames, and information supplied by Ames led from 1985 to the arrest of many American agents in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; Ames gave the Soviets more than 30 people working with the CIA and other Western agencies, ten of whom were sentenced to death and shot.^{[142][143][144]}

In the mid-1970s, the KGB attempted to secretly purchase controlling interests in three commercial banks in Northern California (the Peninsula National Bank in Burlingame, the First National Bank of Fresno, and the Tahoe National Bank in South Lake Tahoe) using funds from Moscow Narodny Bank channeled through Singaporean financier Amos Dawe.^[145] The initiative was intended to gain unauthorized access to classified technological data and bank client files belonging to high-technology Silicon Valley enterprises before it was detected and neutralized by the CIA.^[145] In Latin America, the KGB cooperated with the Cuban intelligence directorate (DGI) in Operation Toucan, launched in 1976 to conduct a media campaign discrediting the military regime of Augusto Pinochet in Chile.^[146][147] The operation generated extensive negative international press coverage, including dozens of articles in major publications such as The New York Times, and the KGB reportedly fabricated documents for the operation, including supposed correspondence between Pinochet and DINA director Manuel Contreras describing alleged plans to eliminate political opponents in exile.^{[146][147][148][149]}

Soviet bloc and Europe

Throughout Eastern Europe, the KGB operated closely with the satellite intelligence services of the Warsaw Pact, monitoring political developments, public sentiment, and civil dissent.^[150] During the Hungarian Revolution of October 1956, Chairman Ivan Serov personally travelled to Budapest with Soviet military leaders, directing Operation Whirlwind.^[151][152] KGB forces arrested Hungarian Defense Minister Pál Maléter during negotiations, neutralizing the Hungarian command structure and facilitating the suppression of the uprising by Soviet armor and infantry.^[151] In the aftermath, Soviet security assisted in arresting roughly 5,000 Hungarian activists, 846 of whom were deported to Soviet prisons, while an estimated 350 were executed, including Prime Minister Imre Nagy.^[151][153] Soviet Ambassador Yuri Andropov played a central role in these diplomatic and security maneuvers.^[151][154]

In Czechoslovakia in 1968, the KGB initiated Operation Progress to undermine Alexander Dubček's Prague Spring reforms.^[155][156] Between twenty and thirty illegal operatives disguised as Western tourists infiltrated reform groups, distributing subversive literature, fabricating evidence of Western-backed right-wing plots, and planting caches of World War II-era American weapons near the West German border to justify Soviet intervention.^{[155][156][157][158][159]} Following the Warsaw Pact invasion on 20 August 1968 (Operation Danube), KGB officers assisted Soviet airborne troops in detaining Dubček and other Czechoslovak leaders and transporting them to Moscow.^[160] Pro-Soviet factional leaders, including Alois Indra and Vasiľ Biľak, were prepared by the KGB to assume power in the restored regime.^[157]

In Poland during the early 1980s, the KGB monitored the rise of the independent trade union Solidarity, having forecast political instability as a result of the election of Polish Pope John Paul II in 1978.^[161][162] Working alongside the Polish Security Service (Służba Bezpieczeństwa), the KGB penetrated agents into church and union networks and in Operation X coordinated the declaration of martial law in December 1981 with General Wojciech Jaruzelski.^{[161][163][164]} In 1981, French counter-espionage (DST) obtained thousands of pages of classified KGB scientific-technical intelligence documents from Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Vetrov, codenamed 'Farewell'.^[165][166] The resulting Farewell Dossier exposed widespread industrial espionage networks across Western Europe, prompting France to expel 47 Soviet intelligence officers and diplomats in April 1983 and leading to subsequent spy arrests in West Germany.^{[166][167][168]}

In 1981, the KGB and GRU initiated Operation RYAN (Raketno-Yadernoe Napadenie), the largest coordinated intelligence collection effort in Soviet history, designed to detect early indicators of a preemptive nuclear strike by the United States and NATO.^{[147][169][170][171]} Spurred by heightened tensions following Ronald Reagan's election, Soviet residencies throughout NATO capitals monitored government communication channels, military mobilization markers, civil defense shelters, and financial centres.^{[147][172][173]} Some accounts state that the operation remained active until 1984 and was cancelled after the deaths of Andropov and Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov, having become a formality by the end of that year.^[147][174] Other accounts state that Soviet intelligence continued it as a permanent tasking directive after Andropov's death until its full cancellation in late November 1991.^[169]

Asia, the Middle East, and targeted killings

The KGB engaged in extensive covert activity across developing countries. In India during the 1970s and 1980s, the KGB maintained its largest overseas residency, expending over $10 million in propaganda efforts to subsidize sympathetic politicians and finance thousands of favorable newspaper articles.^{[52][175][176]} In newly formed Bangladesh, Yuri Andropov directed the agency on 2 February 1973 to support Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's government, subsequently escalating regional staff from 90 to 200 operatives by 1978.^[177][178] Following Mujib's death, the KGB's Service A fabricated diplomatic letters to convince local and international media that Air Vice-Marshal Muhammad Ghulam Tawab and American diplomats were plotting to overthrow President Ziaur Rahman.^[177][178]

In Afghanistan, the KGB monitored political factions within the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ahead of the Saur Revolution in April 1978.^[177][179] Moscow grew concerned about the powers of Hafizullah Amin, who had a master's degree from Columbia University and preferred to communicate in English rather than Russian.^[177][179] The KGB executed Operation Raduga, secretly smuggling ministers Sayed Gulabzoy, Mohammad Aslam Watanjar, and Assadullah Sarwari out of Bagram to Tashkent under false passports.^[177][179] After a KGB attempt to poison Amin failed, Soviet forces launched an armed operation against him on 27 December 1979.^{[87][179][180]} The KGB's Alpha and Zenit special forces, supported by the GRU's 154th Separate Spetsnaz Detachment (the 'Muslim Battalion') and paratroopers of the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, assaulted Tajbeg Palace, killing Amin, his young son, and approximately 100 to 150 guards.^{[87][181][182]} Five KGB operators, including Colonel Grigori Boyarinov, died in the assault.^[87]

In Lebanon, following the kidnapping of four Soviet diplomats by Hezbollah in Beirut on 30 September 1985, which resulted in the execution of diplomat Arkady Katkov, the KGB leadership ruled out direct military intervention because of the risk of political and media escalation.^{[147][183][184]} Yuri Perfiliev, head of the KGB station in Lebanon, met the Shia religious leader Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah and reportedly hinted at serious consequences for Shia religious interests if the crisis was not resolved; the remaining captives were released a few days later.^{[146][147][184]}

Covert liquidations of political adversaries and defectors abroad, designated as 'wet affairs' (mokrye dela), were assigned to specialized operational units such as the 13th Department and Directorate S.^[185] Bogdan Stashynsky killed Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera.^{[186][187][188]} Acting as a KGB agent, he killed Rebet, one of the main theorists of the Ukrainian national movement, in October 1957, and Bandera in Munich in October 1959.^[185] In 1957, an attempt was made to poison defector Nikolai Khokhlov in Frankfurt using radioactive thallium or polonium.^[185] In September 1978, Bulgarian state security killed the dissident writer Georgi Markov in London with an umbrella that injected a miniature platinum-iridium pellet filled with ricin; according to Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, the ricin was made in the KGB's Laboratory 12 and supplied to the Bulgarian service.^{[76][77][189][190]} A similar attempt in Paris ten days earlier against defector Vladimir Kostov had failed when the pellet lodged harmlessly in his muscle.^[76]

Domestic disasters and investigations

During domestic civil emergencies, the KGB deployed its operational-investigative apparatus to investigate causes, enforce state secrecy, and monitor public reactions.^[191][192] Prior to the explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in April 1986, the KGB's Sixth Directorate, directed by Fyodor Shcherbak and Vitaly Prilukov, had compiled extensive intelligence on safety deficiencies.^[191] Between 1983 and 1985, the directorate tracked six minor accidents and sixty-three equipment failures at Chernobyl, documenting structural construction defects, sub-standard hardware deliveries, and routine radiation violations.^[191] Over forty analytical warning briefs were submitted to the CPSU Politburo concerning these hazards.^[191]

Following the reactor explosion on 26 April 1986, Lieutenant General Fyodor Shcherbak arrived at the plant site on 27 April to lead a specialized operational-investigative team comprising over one thousand Chekists that worked alongside the state commission headed by Valery Legasov.^[191][192] Working in rotation under severe ionizing radiation conditions, security officers investigated potential sabotage, ultimately determining that the primary cause was criminal negligence and technological non-compliance during a reactor turbine test.^[191][192] The secrecy kept during the clean-up of the Chernobyl accident, when the population was not informed fully or in time about its consequences, drew serious public criticism.

Personnel, recruitment, and privileges

Entry into the KGB operational ranks was managed through active recruitment rather than voluntary applications.^[193] Candidate dossiers were prepared based on internal records of the CPSU and the Komsomol, systematically weeding out individuals deemed politically unreliable.^[193][194] Jewish citizens could generally not become KGB officers; the KGB did not exclude them entirely, but only two were recruited in the 1960s and 1970s.^[195][196] Candidates selected by the Central Committee were evaluated covertly on university campuses before being summoned to training academies.^[193][194] Initial training included political and ideological indoctrination at the Marx-Engels School, followed by intensive military, investigative, and tradecraft instruction at the Lenin Technical School.^[197][198] Officers destined for foreign assignments underwent deep foreign language instruction, operational stress conditioning, and residency-simulation training.^[199][200]

KGB personnel formed a privileged socioeconomic stratum within Soviet society.^[201][202] Base pay was determined by military rank and years of service, supplemented by substantial salary increases for command posts and specialized language certifications.^[203][204] Officers deployed abroad received split salaries, earning portions in both foreign currency and domestic rubles.^[203] Officers and their families enjoyed superior dining facilities at the Lubyanka, dedicated state health care clinics, preferential access to subsidized sanatoria and resorts, and priority allocation of state housing and high-demand consumer goods, balancing the rigorous social isolation and strict disciplinary rules imposed upon them.^{[201][205][206]}

The August 1991 coup and dissolution

In August 1991, KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov led the State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP) in an attempted coup d'état to remove President Mikhail Gorbachev and halt the signing of the New Union Treaty.^{[51][207][208]} Kryuchkov recalled all KGB officers who were on leave and put them on alert, but the coup failed.^{[51][207][209]} Following the collapse of the coup on 21 August, Kryuchkov was arrested, and criminal proceedings were initiated against senior deputy chairmen Geniy Ageyev, Viktor Grushko, Vitaly Ponomaryov, Protection Service chief Yuri Plekhanov, and Moscow KGB chief Vitaly Prilukov.^[51] On 29 August 1991, Vadim Bakatin was appointed chairman by the Supreme Soviet with an explicit mandate to dismantle the centralized state security apparatus.^[210][211]

Between August and November 1991, Bakatin executed structural dismemberment.^[83][212] The Eighth Chief Directorate (cryptography) and Sixteenth Directorate (SIGINT) were removed to form the Committee of Government Communications under the Soviet presidency.^[83] The Ninth Directorate was reorganized into the Protection Administration under the President of the USSR.^[83] Directorate Z (political policing) was formally abolished on 23 September 1991, which, according to Bakatin, ended surveillance and investigation on political grounds.^[70][212] On 22 October 1991, the State Council of the USSR decreed the abolition of the all-union KGB and the distribution of its responsibilities among three transitional agencies: the Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB) under Bakatin for internal counter-intelligence; the Central Intelligence Service (TsSR) under Yevgeny Primakov for foreign intelligence; and the Committee for the Protection of the State Border (KOGG) under Viktor Matrosov for border troops.^[213]

On 1 November 1991, the 7th Directorate, the 12th Department, the investigative isolation prisons, and various technical operations services were transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly expanded Russian KGB.^[90] The formal, legal dissolution of the Committee for State Security occurred on 3 December 1991, when the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed Law No. 124-N, 'On the Reorganization of the Organs of State Security'.^[1] A declaration ending the existence of the Soviet Union was adopted on 26 December 1991.^[214] In Russia, the KGB of the RSFSR became the Federal Security Agency (AFB) in November 1991 and was replaced by the Ministry of Security in January 1992.^[215] The Central Intelligence Service (TsSR) became the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), and the Ministry of Security became the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) in 1993 and the Federal Security Service (FSB) in 1995.^[1][216]

Cultural impact and archives

In dissident circles the abbreviation KGB was read as 'Kontora glubinnogo bureniya' ('Office of Deep Drilling'), and the agency was also nicknamed 'Kontora grubykh banditov' ('Office of Rough Bandits'). Dissident author Vladimir Voinovich satirized the institution in his dystopian novel Moscow 2042, depicting a fictitious 'Communist Party of State Security' formed by a conspiracy of intelligence officers taking power.^[217] The KGB appears in works such as Frederick Forsyth's novel Icon, Michael Jackson's song Stranger in Moscow, the video game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater and the television series Alias and Stranger Things, and the Marvel character Natasha Romanoff was once a member of the KGB. Museums documenting the operations and abuses of the KGB were later established in former Soviet republics and satellite states, including the KGB Cells Museum in Tartu, the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Vilnius, and the private KGB Museum in Prague.^[218]

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, significant portions of KGB archival records were leaked or opened to varying degrees across the successor states.^{[219][220][221]} The largest single intelligence leak occurred through the Mitrokhin Archive, comprising about 100,000 handwritten pages copied over twelve years by First Chief Directorate archivist Vasili Mitrokhin, which he transported to Britain in 1992.^{[221][222][223][224]} In the Baltic states, extensive local personnel registers were declassified; in 2018, Latvia published its historical file collections ('the Cheka bags') for open public research.^{[220][225][226]} In the Russian Federation, while select documents were declassified during the 1990s, extensive central files remain classified or had their access restricted.^[219][227]

References

1. "Закон СССР от 03.12.1991 N 124-н о реорганизации органов государственной". pravo.levonevsky.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
2. До принятия закона «О Совете Министров СССР» от 5 июля 1978 года — Комитет государственной безопасности при Совете Министров СССР.
3. Кокурин А. И., Петров Н. В. Лубянка. Органы ВЧК—ОГПУ—НКВД—НКГБ—МГБ—МВД—КГБ. 1917—1991: Справочник / Ред. Р. Г. Пихоя. — М.: Международный фонд Демократия (МФД. Фонд Александра Н. Яковлева), 2003. — 766 с. — (Россия. XX век. Документы). — 3000 экз. — ISBN 5-8564-6109-6.
4. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 92. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
5. s:Положение о Комитете государственной безопасности при Совете Министров СССР и его органах на местах и 6 ст. Конституции СССР 1977 года в первоначальной редакции
6. 保坂(2023), pp. 22–23. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
7. KGB in the Baltic States: Documents and Researches. КГБ 1954—1991 . Дата обращения: 22 июля 2012. Архивировано 30 ноября 2012 года.
8. 保坂(2023), p. 2. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
9. 保坂(2023), pp. 2–3. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
10. 山内, pp. 84–85. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
11. 保坂(2023), p. 4. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
12. バロン下巻(1984), p. 280. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 下巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12287551。)
13. レフチェンコ, p. 142. (スタニスラフ・A.レフチェンコ『KGBの見た日本 : レフチェンコ回想録』日本リーダーダイジェスト、1984年11月。ISBN 4-8213-1020-1。)
14. 保坂(2023), p. 8. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
15. フリーマントル, p. 27. (ブライアン・フリーマントル 著、新庄哲夫 訳『KGB』新潮社、1983年9月。全国書誌番号:84005980。)
16. 保坂(2023), pp. 10–11. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
17. 登, p. 21. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
18. バロン下巻(1984), p. 283. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 下巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12287551。)
19. ルイス, pp. 40–41. (デイビッド・ルイス 著、露木英一 訳『セックスピオナージ : クレムリンのSEXスパイ大作戦』講談社、1977年5月。全国書誌番号:77033886。)
20. Lokk på Katyn-drapene
21. 岡村, pp. 180–181. (岡村貢『CIA対KGB : 最前線・日本情報』三天書房、1985年4月。全国書誌番号:86024625。)
22. 登, p. 22. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
23. 杜漸, p. 8. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
24. 保坂(2023), p. 14. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
25. 登, p. 23. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
26. スドプラトフ_シェクター_上, p. 25. (パヴェル・スドプラトフ,アナトーリー・スドプラトフ,ジェロルド・シェクター,レオナ・シェクター 著、木村明生 訳『KGB衝撃の秘密工作 上巻』ほるぷ出版、1994年12月。ISBN 4-593-57030-1。)
27. 登, p. 24. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
28. Мзареулов, Валентин. „БЕРИЯ Лаврентий Павлович”. Pristupljeno 04. 02. 2023.
29. 登, pp. 26–27. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
30. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 88. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
31. バロン下巻(1984), p. 287. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 下巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12287551。)
32. This fits an account (from Khrushchev's perspective) related in Andrew, Christopher (১৯৯০)। "11"। KGB: The Inside Story (1st edition সংস্করণ)। New York, NY, USA: HarperCollins Publishers। পৃ. ৪২৩–৪২৪। আইএসবিএন ০-০৬-০১৬৬০৫-৩। ;
33. Из записки МВД СССР в Президиум ЦК КПСС 4 февраля 1954 г. Источник: Коммерсантъ Власть : журнал. № 4 (808). 2 февраля 2009 г.
34. Постановление Президиума ЦК КПСС «Об образовании Комитета государственной безопасности при Совете Министров СССР» . Дата обращения: 1 июля 2013. Архивировано 15 июня 2013 года.
35. s:Закон СССР от 26.04.1954 Об утверждении Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР
36. Пожаров, А. И. Некоторые аспекты деятельности органов безопасности СССР в 1950-е — первой половине 1960-х годов Архивная копия от 13 мая 2013 на Wayback Machine // Исторические чтения на Лубянке. 1997 год. Российские спецслужбы: история и современность. — Москва: Великий Новгород, 1999. с. 42-48.
37. 保坂(2023), pp. 14–15. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
38. Впоследствии Хрущёву пришлось пожалеть об этих назначениях — в 1964 году Шелепин и Семичастный сыграли решающую роль в отстранении Хрущёва от власти.
39. Постановление ЦК КПСС и Совета Министров СССР 5 февраля 1960 года «О внесении изменений в структуру Комитета государственной безопасности при Совете Министров СССР и его органах на местах и сокращении их численности»
40. Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili. The Sword and the Shield. Basic Books, 1999, p. 325.
41. Колпакиди А. И., Серяков М. Л. Комитет государственной безопасности // Щит и меч. Руководители органов государственной безопасности Московской Руси, Российской империи, Советского Союза и Российской Федерации / Ред. В. А. Розенберг. — СПб.: Издательский дом «Нева» ; М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Образование, 2002. — С. 489. — 736 с. — (Россия в лицах). — 3000 экз. — ISBN 5-7654-1497-4..
42. 山内, p. 292. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
43. О Совете Министров СССР : закон СССР от 5 июля 1978 года (рус.) // Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР : сб. — 1978. — № 28. — С. 436. Архивировано 24 февраля 2021 года. (с изм. и доп., внесёнными в 1981, 1985, 1989 и 1990 годах)
44. Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 5 июля 1978 г. № 7766-IX «О порядке введения в действие Закона СССР о Совете Министров СССР» . Дата обращения: 2 августа 2016. Архивировано из оригинала 18 августа 2016 года.
45. До прийняття закону «О Совете Министров СССР» (5 липня 1978 р.) — Коміте́т держа́вної безпе́ки при Ра́ді Міні́стрів СРСР
46. СССР. Совет Министров СССР. s:Положение о Комитете государственной безопасности при Совете Министров СССР и его органах на местах : утв. 9 апреля 1959 год.
47. Другие силовые государственные органы СССР — включая министерство обороны и органы внутренних дел — подчинялись КПСС не напрямую, а косвенно. Правовые обязательства служащих этих учреждений перед КПСС устанавливались не правительственными актами, а посредством уставов (к примеру, положениями, содержащими обязательство лица проявлять «беззаветную преданность делу и интересам» КПСС и проводить в жизнь политику партии; нести «ответственность за состояние общественного порядка, борьбы с преступностью» и т. п.). Партийное руководство личным составом армии, флота и органов внутренних дел осуществлялось политическими органами, которые подчинялись специальным учреждениям коммунистической партии, действовавшим на правах отделов ЦК КПСС.
48. Комиссия Президиума Верховного Совета Российской Федерации по организации передачи-приёма архивов КПСС и КГБ СССР на государственное хранение и их использованию (образована постановлением Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 14.10.1991 № 1746-I). Экспертное заключение к заседанию Конституционного суда Российской Федерации 26 мая 1992 года (рус.) (1992). Дата обращения: 28 августа 2012. Архивировано из оригинала 14 октября 2012 года.
49. Komitet Bezpieczeństwa Państwowego, [w:] Encyklopedia PWN [online], Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN [dostęp 2019-03-16] .
50. Союз Советских Социалистических Республик. Закон от 16 мая 1991 года № 2159-1. Об органах государственной безопасности в СССР (рус.) // Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР : сб. — 1991. — № 12. — С. 321. Архивировано 15 июля 2012 года.
51. Хлобустов, О. КГБ: Страницы истории // Чекист.ru. 2002—2010. URL: http://www.chekist.ru/article/961 Архивная копия от 20 ноября 2012 на Wayback Machine.
52. Шебаршин, 1992. (Шебаршин, Л. В. Рука Москвы: записки начальника советской разведки (рус.). — М.: Центр-100, 1992.)
53. Например, Приказ КГБ № 00382 от 27 августа 1959 года «Об упорядочении дела с анализом, обобщением и подготовкой информации, направляемой в ЦК КПСС, Совет Министров и заинтересованные министерства и ведомства»; «Справка о мерах органов КГБ в связи с решением Политбюро ЦК КПСС от 29 ноября 1985 года по записке М. С. Горбачёва о недопустимости искажения фактического положения дел в сообщениях и информации, поступающих в ЦК КПСС и другие руководящие органы».
54. Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 16 мая 1991 года № 2160-I «О введении в действие Закона СССР „Об органах государственной безопасности в СССР“» . Дата обращения: 3 декабря 2019. Архивировано 3 декабря 2019 года.
55. "Структура". shieldandsword.mozohin.ru. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
56. 保坂(2023), p. 30. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
57. Coll, Steve (6 February 2018). "Friends Like These". Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin. p. 47. ISBN 9780525557302. Retrieved 6 September 2026. During the Cold War, the K.G.B. also had a 'Directorate S' that ran the spy service's 'illegals' operations, meaning espionage carried out by trained officers and agents who operated abroad under deep cover.
58. Нарышкин расшифровал название подразделения нелегальной разведки СВР. ria.ru (in Russian). РИА Новости. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2026. В соответствии с решением ЦК КПСС "О мерах по усилению разведывательной работы в органах государственной безопасности за границей" в Первом главном управлении КГБ приказом от 17 сентября 1954 года было образовано наделенное соответствующими функциями, силами и средствами Специальное управление (Спецуправление, СУ) [...] 'Таким образом, "С" расшифровывается просто как первая буква от слова "специальный', - пояснил Нарышкин.
59. 保坂(2023), pp. 26–27. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
60. バロン(1984), p. 410. (ジョン・バロン 著、入江眉展 訳『今日のKGB : 内側からの証言』河出書房新社、1984年11月。ISBN 4-309-24074-7。)
61. バロン(1984), p. 412. (ジョン・バロン 著、入江眉展 訳『今日のKGB : 内側からの証言』河出書房新社、1984年11月。ISBN 4-309-24074-7。)
62. バロン上巻(1984), p. 173. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
63. 杜漸, pp. 44–45. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
64. 保坂(2023), pp. 31–32. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
65. 杜漸, p. 48. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
66. 保坂(2023), p. 35. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
67. 保坂(2023), pp. 40–41. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
68. West, Nigel (2020). The KGB: The Eyes of Russia. Routledge. p. 122.
69. フリーマントル, pp. 60–61. (ブライアン・フリーマントル 著、新庄哲夫 訳『KGB』新潮社、1983年9月。全国書誌番号:84005980。)
70. Реорганизация КГБ СССР . Дата обращения: 25 сентября 2021. Архивировано 25 сентября 2021 года.
71. バロン上巻(1984), pp. 186–187. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
72. フリーマントル, pp. 72–73. (ブライアン・フリーマントル 著、新庄哲夫 訳『KGB』新潮社、1983年9月。全国書誌番号:84005980。)
73. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 342. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
74. フリーマントル, p. 75. (ブライアン・フリーマントル 著、新庄哲夫 訳『KGB』新潮社、1983年9月。全国書誌番号:84005980。)
75. 山内, pp. 294–295. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
76. Кристофер Эндрю, Василий Митрохин. Архив Митрохина. История внешнеполитических операций от Ленина до Горбачёва = The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. — 1-е изд. — Penguin Books, 2006. — 995 с. — ISBN 0140284877.
77. Судоплатов П. А. Спецоперации. Лубянка и Кремль 1930 – 1950 годы. – М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 1997. Глава 9. Рауль Валленберг, „Лаборатория-Х“ и другие тайны политики Кремля
78. "НОС", или "алло, это КГБ?",nvo.ng.ru, 2010-07-30
79. Пограничные войска . Дата обращения: 19 января 2015. Архивировано 15 августа 2017 года.
80. フリーマントル, p. 68. (ブライアン・フリーマントル 著、新庄哲夫 訳『KGB』新潮社、1983年9月。全国書誌番号:84005980。)
81. Передана в КГБ СССР директивами министра обороны СССР от 4 января 1990 года № 314/1/01-Ш и ГШ от 4 января 1990 года № 314/3/0110
82. Передана КГБ СССР на основании директив министра обороны СССР от 4 января 1990 года № 314/1/01-Ш и ГШ от 4 января 1990 года № 314/3/0110
83. Млечин Л. М. Председатели КГБ. Рассекреченные судьбы. — М.: Центрполиграф, 1999. — С. 595. — ISBN 5-227-00454-4.
84. 22 августа 1991 года возвращена Министерству обороны СССР.
85. Созданы приказом КГБ № 0060 от 26 мая 1978 года и положением об оперативно-боевых отрядах органов КГБ (утв. постановлением ЦК КПСС и Совмина СССР от 4 апреля 1978 года) в территориальных КГБ-УКГБ для действий в особый период.
86. Хаустов В. Н.
87. McCauley, Martin (2008). Russia, America and the Cold War: 1949–1991 (Revised 2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-7430-4.
88. Пятнадцать с 6 мая 1991 года, после включения российского КГБ в систему КГБ СССР.
89. Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 21 августа 1991 года № 1625-I «О переподчинении Главных управлений внутренних дел исполкомов Московского городского Совета народных депутатов, исполкома Московского областного Совета народных депутатов и Управления Комитета государственной безопасности по Москве и Московской области» . Дата обращения: 4 сентября 2021. Архивировано 4 сентября 2021 года.
90. КГБ РСФСР . Дата обращения: 4 сентября 2021. Архивировано 13 июля 2015 года.
91. Kolev, Stoyan (11 March 2009). "KGB Backyard in the Caucasus". Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
92. КГБ Азербайджанской ССР переименован в Министерство национальной безопасности Азербайджанской Республики 1 ноября 1991 года.
93. КГБ Белорусской ССР переименован в КГБ Республики Беларусь 19 сентября 1991 года.
94. АННА АЛЕКСАНДРОВА, Движение безопасности, "Карьера" N 7, Июль 2001
95. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 346. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
96. Школа №302 – Высшие курсы КГБ*
97. John Kohan (14 February 1983). "Eyes of the Kremlin". Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
98. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 38.
99. マッキンタイアー, pp. 16–17. (ベン・マッキンタイアー 著、小林朋則 訳『KGB(ケイジービー)の男 : 冷戦史上最大の二重スパイ』中央公論新社、2020年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-005310-8。)
100. 山内, p. 43. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
101. 登, p. 62. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
102. 杜漸, pp. 124–128. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
103. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 38. (Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.)
104. リーダースダイジェスト, pp. 37–38. (『リーダーズダイジェスト 1983年5月号』日本リーダーズダイジェスト、1983年5月。doi:10.11501/1763523。)
105. 宮崎(1983年6月), pp. 42–43. (宮崎正弘『ソ連スパイの手口 : レフチェンコ事件の読み方』山手書房、1983年6月。全国書誌番号:84029980。)
106. 古森, p. 36. (古森義久『情報戦略なき国家 : KGBが日本を狙う』PHP研究所、1984年4月。ISBN 4-569-21283-2。)
107. 保坂(2023), pp. 32–33. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
108. バロン(1984), p. 58. (ジョン・バロン 著、入江眉展 訳『今日のKGB : 内側からの証言』河出書房新社、1984年11月。ISBN 4-309-24074-7。)
109. ルイス, pp. 13–26. (デイビッド・ルイス 著、露木英一 訳『セックスピオナージ : クレムリンのSEXスパイ大作戦』講談社、1977年5月。全国書誌番号:77033886。)
110. 登, pp. 124–125. (登東洋夫『KGB : ソ連国家保安委員会の世界戦略』教育社、1978年8月。全国書誌番号:78027443。)
111. Kostas Chalastras (6 de marzo de 2024). «Honey Traps in Espionage: Seduction for Secrets» (en inglés). Historias Cripta. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2025.
112. Andrew, Christopher (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (en inglés). Basic Books. pp. 456-460.
113. ルイス, p. 53. (デイビッド・ルイス 著、露木英一 訳『セックスピオナージ : クレムリンのSEXスパイ大作戦』講談社、1977年5月。全国書誌番号:77033886。)
114. 杜漸, p. 66. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
115. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 128. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
116. バロン上巻(1984), p. 181. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
117. バロン上巻(1984), pp. 246–247. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
118. Lewin, Moshe: Neuvostoliiton vuosisata, s. 244. Rauhanpuolustajat & Like, 2006. ISBN 952-471-808-1
119. 保坂(2023), p. 17. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
120. バロン上巻(1984), p. 224. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
121. バロン上巻(1984), p. 227. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
122. Горбаневская Н. Е. Психэкспертиза // Полдень: Дело о демонстрации 25 августа 1968 года на Красной площади. — Frankfurt/M: Посев, 1970. — С. 121. — 497 с. — [Архивировано 9 февраля 2011 года.]
123. バロン上巻(1984), p. 228. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
124. Травля Солженицына и Сахарова. Официальные публикации и документы (рус.). Антология самиздата. Дата обращения: 23 августа 2012. Архивировано 24 апреля 2018 года..
125. Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili. The Sword and the Shield. Basic Books, 1999, p. 561.
126. Млечин Л. М. Юрий Андропов. Последняя надежда режима. — М.: Центрполиграф, 2008. — С. 192—193. — 512 с. — 6000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-9524-3860-6.
127. Genevofa Étienne, Claude Moniquet, Histoire de l'espionnage mondial, tome 2, Éditions du Félin, 2001.
128. Поликарпов В. В. Политический архив XX века. Из следственных дел Н. В. Некрасова 1921, 1931 и 1939 годов // Вопросы истории : журнал. — 1998. — № 11—12. — С. 10—48. — ISSN 0042-8779. | //www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0042-8779
129. Ко Ка Ён. Правозащитные ассоциации в СССР в 70—80-е годы XX века : Дис. канд. ист. наук. — М., 2004. Архивировано 20 марта 2014 года.
130. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 104. (Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.)
131. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 104.
132. Haynes, John Earl (2004). The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty.
133. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, pp. 104–105. (Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.)
134. Haynes, John Earl (2004). The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty (em inglês). [S.l.: s.n.]
135. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, pp. 104–105.
136. Inglis-Arkell, Esther (5 October 2012). "The Strange Story of Klaus Fuchs, the Red Spy in the Manhattan Project". io9. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
137. "The November 12, 1944 cable: Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax". PBS. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
138. Harold Jackson (15 November 1999). "US scientist-spy who escaped prosecution and spent 30 years in biological research at Cambridge". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
139. "Rudolph Ivanovich Abel (Hollow Nickel Case)". FBI. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
140. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 205. (Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.)
141. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 205.
142. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 435. (Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.)
143. An assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames espionage case and its implications for U.S. intelligence : report / Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate. — Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994. — 136 с. — [Архивировано 4 ноября 2013 года.] Архивированная копия . Дата обращения: 2 мая 2014. Архивировано 4 ноября 2013 года.
144. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 435.
145. Tolchin, Martin (16 February 1986). "Russians sought U.S. banks to gain high-tech secrets". The New York Times.
146. Эндрю К., Митрохин В. Мир шёл нашим путём: КГБ и битва за третий мир = The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. — Basic Books, 2005. — 736 с. — ISBN 0465003117.
147. Yegórov, Boris (5 de febrero de 2020). «Las 3 operaciones más impactantes del KGB». Russia Beyond. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2025.
148. Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2000). The Sword and the Shield. Basic Books. pp. 369-371.
149. Rid, Thomas (2020). Active Measures. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 215–218.
150. "Foreign News: The Shadow of Ivan Serov". Time. 3 December 1956. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
151. Иван Гринько. Расстрелянная революция : К 50-летию вторжения советских войск в Венгрию Архивная копия от 7 февраля 2009 на Wayback Machine // Полит.ру
152. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, pp. 94–95. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
153. COLD WAR Chat: Geza Jeszensky Hungarian Ambassador Архивировано 11 мая 2001 года. (англ.)
154. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, pp. 97–98. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
155. 山内, pp. 252–253. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
156. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, pp. 170–175. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
157. Julius Jacobson (1972). Soviet Communism and the Socialist Vision. United States: New Politics Publishing. pp. 339–352. ISBN 978-0-87855-005-0.
158. 山内, p. 254. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
159. 山内, p. 255. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
160. Секретно. ЦК КПСС Архивная копия от 8 ноября 2017 на Wayback Machine : (докладная записка № 2102-А от 5 сентября 1968 года) / КГБ, Министерство охраны общественного порядка СССР, Прокуратура СССР // Johns Hopkins University : сервер. — Режим доступа: http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis60/kgb68-5.pdf Архивная копия от 8 ноября 2017 на Wayback Machine
161. Matthew Day (18 October 2011). "Polish secret police: how and why the Poles spied on their own people". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
162. «Los soviéticos y el ataque al Obispo de Roma».
163. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 531. (Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.)
164. Andrew & Mitrokhin 1999, p. 531.
165. ウォルトン, pp. 321–327. (ティエリ・ウォルトン 著、吉田葉菜 訳『さらば、KGB : 仏ソ情報戦争の内幕』時事通信社、1990年1月。ISBN 4-7887-8938-8。)
166. ウォルトン, pp. 314–316. (ティエリ・ウォルトン 著、吉田葉菜 訳『さらば、KGB : 仏ソ情報戦争の内幕』時事通信社、1990年1月。ISBN 4-7887-8938-8。)
167. ウォルトン, p. 317. (ティエリ・ウォルトン 著、吉田葉菜 訳『さらば、KGB : 仏ソ情報戦争の内幕』時事通信社、1990年1月。ISBN 4-7887-8938-8。)
168. ウォルトン, p. 318. (ティエリ・ウォルトン 著、吉田葉菜 訳『さらば、KGB : 仏ソ情報戦争の内幕』時事通信社、1990年1月。ISBN 4-7887-8938-8。)
169. Oleg Gordievsky, ed. More ‘Instructions from the Centre’: Top Secret Files on KGB Global Operations, 1975—1985. Portland: Frank Cass, 1992.
170. 山内, pp. 263–265. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
171. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, pp. 305–307. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
172. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 315. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
173. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 331. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
174. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 333. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
175. Эндрю К., Митрохин В. Архив Митрохина II. КГБ и мировое сообщество = Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World. — Allen Lane, 2005. — 676 с. — ISBN 0713993596.
176. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 371. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
177. Andrew, Christopher M.; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2005). The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. pp. 350–402. ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2.
178. Andrew, Christopher M. The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books, 2005, p. 350–402. ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2.
179. Mitrokhin, Vasiliy; Westad, Odd Arne. "The KGB in Afghanistan" (PDF). Working Paper (Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. OCLC 843924202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
180. バロン(1984), pp. 15–16. (ジョン・バロン 著、入江眉展 訳『今日のKGB : 内側からの証言』河出書房新社、1984年11月。ISBN 4-309-24074-7。)
181. "How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace". BBC. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
182. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 296. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
183. «Rasputin assassinated by British Secret Service». BBC. 2004.
184. «British spy 'fired the shot that finished off Rasputin'». The Telegraph. 24 de septiembre de 2007.
185. Из письма МВД СССР от 20 ноября 1953 года на имя Маленкова и Хрущёва с предложением утвердить структуру, штат и положение о 12-м (специальном) отделе при 2-м Главном (разведывательном) Управлении МВД СССР.
186. Михаил Рох „Дещо про Лева Ребета“ Архив на оригинала от 2022-01-02 в Wayback Machine. в проекте „ХайВей“
187. Assasin Disarmed By Love, by John L. Steele, Life, 7 септември 1962.
188. The Partisan Архив на оригинала от 2013-08-27 в Wayback Machine., Time (2 ноември 1959)
189. Andrew Meier. 2008. The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service, W. W. Norton.
190. Pita, René (2008). Armas químicas: La ciencia en manos del mal. Editorial Crítica. p. 416. ISBN 978-84-96780-42-2.
191. Н. М. Голушко. В спецслужбах трех государств. — М.: Кучково Поле, 2012. — 800 с. — ISBN 978-5-9950-0214-7.
192. 07 ноября 2013 года исполняется 95 лет со дня рождения генерал-лейтенанта КГБ СССР, почетного сотрудника органов госбезопасности Щербака Ф. А. РОО "ВетКон". Дата обращения: 10 февраля 2019. Архивировано 10 февраля 2019 года.
193. 杜漸, pp. 82–84. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
194. 岡村, pp. 185–187. (岡村貢『CIA対KGB : 最前線・日本情報』三天書房、1985年4月。全国書誌番号:86024625。)
195. アンドルー&ゴルジエフスキー_下巻, p. 83. (クリストファー・アンドルー,オレク・ゴルジエフスキー 著、福島正光 訳『KGBの内幕 : レーニンからゴルバチョフまでの対外工作の歴史 下巻』文芸春秋、1993年12月。ISBN 4-16-348220-2。)
196. スドプラトフ_シェクター_下, p. 135. (パヴェル・スドプラトフ,アナトーリー・スドプラトフ,ジェロルド・シェクター,レオナ・シェクター 著、木村明生 訳『KGB衝撃の秘密工作 上巻』ほるぷ出版、1994年12月。ISBN 4-593-57031-X。)
197. 杜漸, pp. 82–87. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
198. 杜漸, pp. 89–90. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
199. 杜漸, pp. 94–96. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
200. 杜漸, pp. 97–105. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
201. フリーマントル, p. 226. (ブライアン・フリーマントル 著、新庄哲夫 訳『KGB』新潮社、1983年9月。全国書誌番号:84005980。)
202. バロン上巻(1984), p. 155. (ジョン・バロン 著、リーダーズダイジェスト 訳『KGB : ソ連秘密警察の全貌 上巻』河出書房新社、1974年11月。doi:10.11501/12288432。)
203. バロン(1984), p. 139. (ジョン・バロン 著、入江眉展 訳『今日のKGB : 内側からの証言』河出書房新社、1984年11月。ISBN 4-309-24074-7。)
204. マッキンタイアー, p. 151. (ベン・マッキンタイアー 著、小林朋則 訳『KGB(ケイジービー)の男 : 冷戦史上最大の二重スパイ』中央公論新社、2020年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-005310-8。)
205. 杜漸, p. 33. (杜漸 著、岸本弘,木田洋 訳『KGB : ソ連支配権力の秘密』亜紀書房、1983年5月。全国書誌番号:83040384。)
206. マッキンタイアー, p. 345. (ベン・マッキンタイアー 著、小林朋則 訳『KGB(ケイジービー)の男 : 冷戦史上最大の二重スパイ』中央公論新社、2020年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-005310-8。)
207. マッキンタイアー, p. 462. (ベン・マッキンタイアー 著、小林朋則 訳『KGB(ケイジービー)の男 : 冷戦史上最大の二重スパイ』中央公論新社、2020年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-005310-8。)
208. «The K.G.B.'s Bathhouse Plot». , 20 agost 2011 [Consulta: 22 gener 2014].
209. 山内, pp. 284–286. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
210. Нузов, В. Не вписавшийся в поворот: интервью с В. Бакатиным // Вестник : журнал. — 1997, август. — № 17(171). Архивировано 5 марта 2016 года.
211. 保坂(2023), pp. 19–20. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
212. Бакатин, 1992. (Бакатин, В. Избавление от КГБ. — Новости, 1992. — ISBN 5-7020-0721-2.)
213. Постановление Госсовета СССР от 22.10.1991 N ГС-8 О реорганизации органов государственной безопасности . Дата обращения: 26 апреля 2016. Архивировано из оригинала 21 апреля 2017 года.
214. Из уничтожения КГБ нужно вынести несколько важных уроков . Дата обращения: 2 мая 2020. Архивировано 12 сентября 2020 года.
215. Указом президента РСФСР Б.Н.Ельцина от 26 ноября 1991 года № 233 КГБ РСФСР преобразован в Агентство федеральной безопасности РСФСР. 24 января 1992 года взамен АФБ РСФСР было образовано Министерство безопасности Российской Федерации, которое просуществовало до 21 декабря 1993 года, когда оно было преобразовано в Федеральную службу контрразведки Российской Федерации. 12 апреля 1995 года на базе ФСК РФ была создана Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации, которая существует и по сей день.
216. «KGB's Successor Gets 'Draconian' Powers». NBC News. 19 de julho de 2010. Consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2014. Cópia arquivada em 30 de outubro de 2020
217. Книга Владимира Войновича «Москва-2042» . Дата обращения: 12 декабря 2013. Архивировано 26 февраля 2014 года.
218. Официальный сайт Музея КГБ в Праге . Дата обращения: 12 декабря 2013. Архивировано 31 декабря 2013 года.
219. 保坂(2023), pp. 73–75. (保坂三四郎『諜報国家ロシア : ソ連KGBからプーチンのFSB体制まで』中央公論新社、2023年6月。ISBN 978-4-12-102760-3。)
220. Linda KUSIŅA-ŠULCE. «Sadarbību ar VDK atzinuši Andrejevs, Lācis, Taivans, Rokpelnis. Ko gaida pārējie 500?». LA.lv (latviešu), 27.12.2017. Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2018-09-28. Skatīts: 2018-12-27.
221. ARHIVA MITROHIN. Ce nume de cod îi dăduse KGB lui Mahmoud Abbas, președintele Autorității Naționale Palestiniene, 12 septembrie 2016, Roland Cătălin Pena, Evenimentul zilei, accesat la 12 septembrie 2016
222. 山内, p. 16. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
223. 山内, pp. 70–72. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
224. 山内, p. 18. (山内智恵子,江崎道朗『ミトロヒン文書KGB・工作の近現代史』ワニブックス、2020年9月。ISBN 978-4-8470-9957-1。)
225. Guntars Laganovskis. «Papildināts: Publisko VDK dokumentus - LV portāls». lvportals.lv (latviešu), 19.12.2018. Skatīts: 2018-12-27.
226. BBC: В Литве опубликован список резервистов КГБ [Архівовано 6 жовтня 2012 у Wayback Machine.](рос.)
227. Rubenstein, Joshua; Gribanov, Alexander (eds.). "The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov". Annals of Communism. Yale University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2007.