SuperCharged WikiAll of Wikipedia's languages, in one article

Pertinax

Enhanced
From SuperCharged Wiki, written from every language edition of Wikipedia
Contents
  1. (Top)
  2. Early life and background
  3. Equestrian military career
  4. Senatorial career
  5. Accession to power
  6. Domestic policies and reforms
  7. Unrest and assassination
  8. Aftermath and deification
  9. Personal life and family
  10. Historical reputation and legacy
  11. References
Pertinax
Pertinax
Reign1 January 193 – 28 March 193
Full namePublius Helvius Pertinax
Regnal nameImperator Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus
Born1 August 126, Alba Pompeia, Liguria
Died28 March 193 (aged 66), Rome
PredecessorCommodus
SuccessorDidius Julianus
SpouseFlavia Titiana

Publius Helvius Pertinax (1 August 126 – 28 March 193) was Roman emperor for three months in 193, reigning as the first ruler during the Year of the Five Emperors. Born the son of a freedman in Liguria, he worked as a grammar teacher before embarking on an equestrian military career. He attained senior provincial governorships, the consulship, and the urban prefecture of Rome. Following the murder of Commodus, he was proclaimed emperor, but his financial economies and strict military discipline provoked a mutiny by the Praetorian Guard, who killed him.

Early life and background

Publius Helvius Pertinax was born on 1 August 126 in Liguria, at the Apennina estate belonging to his mother near Alba Pompeia.[1][2] Herodian described his family as being of humble and insignificant background.[3] His father, Helvius Successus, was an emancipated slave who engaged in commerce.[4] Julius Capitolinus in the Historia Augusta recorded that the father gave his son the cognomen Pertinax, meaning persistent or tenacious, to commemorate his own long and steadfast involvement in the wool trade.[4] Other traditions describe Successus as an affluent timber merchant who possessed kilns for producing amphorae.[5][6] According to an account in the Historia Augusta, shortly after the birth of Pertinax, a young foal climbed onto the roof of the family house, remained there briefly, jumped down, and died.[7] The father consulted a Chaldean astrologer about the incident, who predicted a great future for the newborn child.[8]

Pertinax received an education sufficient to allow advancement in Roman society.[2] He studied grammar in Rome under the celebrated grammarian Gaius Sulpicius Apollinaris, the teacher of Aulus Gellius.[9][10] Pertinax subsequently worked as a grammaticus, teaching grammar himself.[9][10][11] Because teaching generated little financial return, he decided around the age of thirty to pursue a military career.[11][12] According to Julius Capitolinus, he sought appointment through the father's former patron, the consular Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus, who attempted to obtain a centurionship for him.[13][14][15] Cassius Dio conversely stated that he became a cavalry tribune through the patronage of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus.[16][17] An inscription from Bruehl dedicated to Pertinax does not mention a centurionship, and the historian G. Alföldy suggested that Lollianus Avitus only tried to make him a centurion and failed for an unknown reason.[18]

Equestrian military career

During the reign of Antoninus Pius, around 157 or 160, Pertinax received command of the Cohors IIII Gallorum equitata, or Cohors VII Gallorum, an auxiliary infantry unit stationed in the province of Syria.[18][19][20][21] This appointment conferred equestrian status upon him.[18][21] Julius Capitolinus recorded that on his journey to his Syrian posting, Pertinax made unauthorized use of the imperial post (cursus publicus); upon his arrival in Antioch, the governor of Syria punished him by making him walk the entire remaining distance to his camp on foot.[22][23][24]

Pertinax served under co-emperor Lucius Verus in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166, where his energetic service earned him recognition and promotions.[23][25] Between 164 and 166, he was transferred to Roman Britain to serve as military tribune (tribunus angusticlavius) of Legio VI Victrix, garrisoned at Eboracum (York).[20][21][26][27] Soon afterwards, he received command of an auxiliary cohort, either the Cohors I Tungrorum or Cohors II Tungrorum, along Hadrian's Wall or on the Danube frontier.[20][24][28][29] Around 167, he commanded an auxiliary cavalry unit (praefectus alae) in Moesia or Lower Pannonia, identified as the Ala I Flavia Augusta Britannica milliaria stationed at Sirmium, under the provincial governor Claudius Pompeianus, who became his friend and lifelong patron.[28][30][31]

Pertinax next entered civil administrative duties. Around 168, he was appointed procurator Augusti ad alimenta in northern Italy along the Via Aemilia, administering state welfare and food distributions for poor children between Mediolanum and Ariminum at an annual salary of 60,000 sesterces.[28][32] Around 168 or 169, he was placed in command of the German fleet on the Rhine (praefectus classis Germanica), headquartered at Alteburg near Cologne, at an increased salary of 100,000 sesterces.[20][24][28] During this period, his mother accompanied him north; she died there and was buried near Cologne.[24] He was subsequently appointed procurator ducenarius of the three Dacias, with an annual salary of 200,000 sesterces.[20][33] In Dacia, he held financial oversight or special extraordinary powers.[34] However, court intrigues during the reign of Marcus Aurelius caused the emperor to suspect Pertinax of wrongdoing or embezzlement, leading to his abrupt dismissal from office.[33][35]

Senatorial career

Pertinax was rehabilitated through the patronage of Claudius Pompeianus, who had married Lucilla, the daughter of Marcus Aurelius and widow of Lucius Verus.[36] Pompeianus selected Pertinax as his military deputy against invading Germanic tribes during the Marcomannic Wars.[37] Pertinax fought in actions repelling the Marcomanni and Quadi from northern Italy and pursuing them back toward the Danube.[38] In recognition of his valor, Marcus Aurelius elevated Pertinax into the Senate through adlectio inter praetorios (enrollment among former praetors) around 170 or 171, compensating him for his earlier unjust dismissal.[37][39][40] According to the Chronicle of Eusebius, Pertinax was present during the celebrated 'miracle of the rain', when an encircled Roman army was relieved by a thunderstorm.

Appointed legatus legionis of Legio I Adiutrix in Upper Pannonia, Pertinax drove Germanic forces out of Raetia and Noricum between 171 and 173, and campaigned across the Danube against the Quadi and Sarmatians.[39][40][41][42] In 175, he attained the rank of suffect consul alongside Marcus Didius Julianus, who had defeated the Chauci.[43][44] Cassius Dio noted that Marcus Aurelius frequently praised Pertinax in the Senate and before army assemblies, expressing regret that Pertinax's senatorial rank legally precluded him from appointment as praetorian prefect.[45][46]

Following the suppression of Avidius Cassius's rebellion in the East in spring 175, Pertinax accompanied Marcus Aurelius on an inspection of the eastern provinces.[19] Between 176 and 179, he governed a rapid succession of frontier provinces: Lower Moesia (176–177), Upper Moesia (177), and the Three Dacias (177–179).[19][47] Between 178 and 181, he served as legatus Augusti pro praetore in Syria.[47][48][49] Upon returning to Rome in 182, the praetorian prefect Sextus Tigidius Perennis forced him into retirement, citing rumours of excessive enrichment in the provinces or suspected links to the conspiracy of Lucilla.[50][51][52] Pertinax retired for three years to his paternal estate in Liguria, where he carried on trade and wool manufacturing through his slaves.[51][52]

Following the execution of Perennis in 185, Commodus recalled Pertinax and dispatched him to govern Britain, where three legions were in an open state of mutiny following the harsh administration of Ulpius Marcellus.[53] Pertinax enforced strict discipline, refusing to yield to the soldiers' demands.[53][54] During one violent confrontation, mutineers attacked his bodyguard and left Pertinax on the ground presumed dead.[53][55][56] After recovering, he severely punished the mutinous units, reinforcing his reputation for rigid discipline, but the intense hostility of the troops forced him to request his own recall in 187.[53][55] His suppression of the mutiny made him popular in Rome; Cassius Dio noted that when a racehorse named Pertinax won a contest in the circus, spectators shouted their wish for the former governor to return.[57]

Returning to Rome, Pertinax was appointed praefectus alimentorum around 187.[58] In 188–189, he served as proconsul of Africa, where he suppressed civil disturbances in Carthage, allegedly drawing confidence from prophecies issued at the temple of the goddess Caelestis.[59] He returned to Italy in 189 and became urban prefect (praefectus urbi) in 189 or 190.[46][50][60] On 1 January 192, he entered his second consulship as ordinary consul, serving as colleague to the emperor Commodus.[50][61][62]

Accession to power

During 192, the erratic behavior of Commodus alienated the Roman political establishment.[63][64] Commodus fought hundreds of times as a gladiator in the arena, demanded to be worshipped as Hercules, executed senators, and depleted the treasury.[63][65][66] A palace conspiracy formed under the leadership of the praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus, the emperor's mistress Marcia, and the chamberlain Eclectus.[65][67][68] On 31 December 192, the conspirators tried to poison Commodus, and when the poison did not work, he was killed by Narcissus.[65][69][70] The ancient authorities differ regarding Pertinax's advance knowledge of the plot: Julius Capitolinus claimed he was informed of the murder, whereas Herodian wrote that he was entirely unaware.[11][65][71]

Immediately following the assassination, Laetus and Eclectus dispatched emissaries to Pertinax's house.[67][69][72] Fearing that the visitors brought a death warrant from Commodus, Pertinax hesitated to believe their news until he sent a trusted associate, Livius Laurens or Fabius Cilo, to view the emperor's corpse.[73] Convinced of Commodus's death, Pertinax accompanied them to the Castra Praetoria.[67] Laetus announced to the guards that Commodus had died of apoplexy and introduced Pertinax as the new ruler.[74][75] The Praetorians accepted him with reluctance, persuaded by an offered donativum of 12,000 sesterces per man and intimidated by crowds outside the camp voicing hatred for Commodus.[74][76][77][78]

Before dawn on 1 January 193, Pertinax proceeded to the Senate House.[79][80] Before the senators, he initially declined the supreme office on account of his advanced age and physical infirmity, suggesting instead patricians such as Manius Acilius Glabrio or Claudius Pompeianus.[79][81][82][83] Both men refused, and the senators insisted that he take the throne.[83][84][85] Pertinax accepted the title Augustus, the proconsular imperium, the right of four reports to the Senate, and the designation Pater Patriae.[86] However, he refused to permit his wife Flavia Titiana to be proclaimed Augusta or his son to receive the title of Caesar, maintaining that the youth should earn public distinction through merit.[68][87] After concluding the meeting, he ascended the Capitoline Hill to sacrifice to Jupiter Optimus Maximus and assumed residence in the imperial palace on the Palatine.[15][88][89]

Domestic policies and reforms

Pertinax inherited an imperial treasury with only one million sesterces (or 250,000 denarii) remaining on 1 January 193.[90][91] To raise liquid funds to cover state expenses and pay the soldiers, he auctioned off Commodus's personal luxuries, including gladiatorial equipment, ornamental arms, carriages, horses, fine apparel, imperial slaves, and the concubines and youths kept for the late emperor's entertainment.[90][92][93][94] He discontinued tribute payments to barbarian tribes on the northern borders.[95] Through rigorous economies, he halved the operating expenditures of the imperial court.[96][97][98] Pertinax was able to pay the Praetorians 6,000 sesterces per man, which represented only half of the 12,000 sesterces originally promised upon his accession, and distributed 400 sesterces (or 100 denarii) to each Roman citizen.[91][99][100][101]

To revive agriculture, Pertinax revived the agrarian regulations established by Hadrian, known as the Lex Hadriana de rudibus agris.[102] He permitted anyone in Italy and the provinces to take possession of uncultivated or deserted land (agri deserti), granting full ownership provided it was cultivated, along with a ten-year exemption from taxes.[102][103] He abolished the transit tolls and customs duties imposed by Commodus along roads, river crossings, and ports.[102][104] Pertinax also instituted a major monetary reform, raising the silver purity of the denarius from 74% to 87%, which increased its pure silver weight from 2.22 grams to 2.75 grams.[105][106][107] New coin issues featured legends highlighting traditional virtues, including Providentia Deorum, Mens Bona, and Janus Conservator.[108][109][110]

Pertinax adopted a cooperative posture toward the Senate, attending debates regularly and pledging that no senator would be put to death during his reign.[15][111][112] He restored legal proceedings with public trials and defense advocates, terminated all prosecutions for treason (crimen maiestatis), recalled exiles, and rehabilitated the memory of those executed under Commodus.[113][114][115] Property illegally confiscated was restored to rightful owners, though purchasers were required to reimburse the treasury.[116][117] Informers were punished, and slaves found to have made false denunciations were crucified.[104][114][118] He ordered palace servants, bodyguards, and soldiers to cease harassing passersby on city streets and prohibited soldiers from carrying cudgels.[116][118]

Unrest and assassination

Pertinax's reform policies generated widespread friction among key constituencies.[93][119][120] Senators criticized the retention of certain taxes, and those who had received nominal praetorships from Commodus resented Pertinax's decision to rank them below magistrates who had held the actual office.[120][121][122][123] Palace freedmen opposed the reduction in court luxuries and expected a reshuffle of court staff.[108][124][125] On 3 January 193, an initial coup attempt took place when a faction of Praetorians seized the senator Triarius Maternus Lascivius to proclaim him emperor; Maternus escaped, fled to the Palatine, and subsequently left Rome.[78][126] Another conspiracy involved an enslaved person who claimed to be the son of Marcus Aurelius's sister Fabia and Ceionius Commodus, but the claimant was discovered, whipped, and returned to his master.[127]

In early March 193, while Pertinax was in Ostia inspecting the municipal grain fleet and harbor facilities, Praetorian elements and prefect Laetus planned to proclaim the consul Quintus Pompeius Sosius Falco emperor.[112][128][129][130] Pertinax learned of the plot, returned rapidly to Rome, and convened the Senate.[112] When senators prepared to condemn Falco, Pertinax intervened, exclaiming that no senator should be executed during his reign.[112][128] Falco was pardoned and spared, but several subordinate officers and soldiers implicated in the conspiracy were executed following denunciations by slaves, which intensified the resentment within the Praetorian Guard.[112][128][131][132]

On 28 March 193, an armed band of two hundred to three hundred Praetorians marched upon the imperial palace on the Palatine.[133][134][135][136][137] Palace servants and regular guards offered no resistance.[138] Pertinax sent Laetus to negotiate with the troops, but the prefect deserted him and fled to his home.[99][138] Rejecting advice to hide or escape, Pertinax, accompanied only by Eclectus, walked out to meet the mutineers.[139][140][141] His authoritative speech nearly persuaded the soldiers to lower their weapons.[139][140] However, a soldier named Tausius, of the Germanic Tungri, broke the silence by thrusting a spear or sword into the emperor's chest.[139][142] The mutineers attacked the fallen emperor, who covered his face with his toga and invoked Jupiter Ultor.[139] Eclectus defended Pertinax, slaying two attackers before being cut down.[140] The soldiers severed Pertinax's head, placed it on a spear, and carried it through the streets of Rome back to their camp.[140][143][144]

Aftermath and deification

Pertinax's reign ended after 87 days.[105][145][146] Following his death, the Praetorian Guard auctioned the imperial office from their camp walls.[64][147] Pertinax's father-in-law, Titus Flavius Sulpicianus, offered 20,000 sesterces per soldier, but the wealthy senator Marcus Didius Julianus outbid him with 25,000 sesterces and was acclaimed emperor.[148][149] Julianus's accession sparked outrage in the provinces, prompting Lucius Septimius Severus in Upper Pannonia, Pescennius Niger in Syria, and Clodius Albinus in Britain to declare their candidacies, initiating the Year of the Five Emperors.[1][150]

Septimius Severus marched on Rome portraying himself as the legitimate avenger of Pertinax, securing Julianus's execution on 1 June 193.[150][151][152][153] Severus executed the soldiers who had murdered Pertinax, discharged the existing Praetorian Guard, and held a public state funeral in Pertinax's honor.[152][154][155] Pertinax's body was interred in the family tomb of his father-in-law, Titus Flavius Sulpicianus.[154][156] The Senate formally deified Pertinax as Divus Pertinax, and his son, Pertinax Junior, was consecrated as the first flamen of his father's cult.[152][157][158] Severus incorporated the cognomen Pertinax into his own imperial nomenclature and held memorial games on Pertinax's birthday and accession day for several years.[152][155][159]

Personal life and family

Around 175, Pertinax married Flavia Titiana, daughter of the senator and future urban prefect Titus Flavius Sulpicianus.[160][161][162] The couple had a son, Publius Helvius Pertinax Junior, born around 180, and an unnamed daughter.[157][162][163][164] Ancient biographies allege that both spouses engaged in extramarital relationships: Flavia Titiana openly favored an unnamed kithara player, while Pertinax maintained an affair with Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius.[165][166] Upon his elevation to emperor, Pertinax declined to house his children in the Palatine palace, sending them instead to reside in the home of their maternal grandfather.[46][125] His son Pertinax Junior was made suffect consul of 212 by Caracalla and was executed that same year.[157][167]

Julius Capitolinus described Pertinax as an imposing, venerable figure with a long beard, curled hair, and a corpulent physique.[168] He was affable in manners rather than genuinely kind, and contemporaries did not consider him open or guileless.[168][169] Despite accumulating substantial wealth from his provincial commands, wool manufactories, and moneylending, he practiced frugality that bordered on parsimony.[170][171] At banquets, he routinely served half portions of lettuce and artichokes, and unless external gifts provided additional food, his kitchens distributed only nine pounds of meat across three courses regardless of the number of dinner guests.[171]

Historical reputation and legacy

Contemporary historians Cassius Dio and Herodian regarded Pertinax as an upright, courageous, and capable administrator.[172][173][174][175] Cassius Dio praised his integrity, civil moderation, and justice, contrasting his conduct with Commodus's tyranny, though he faulted Pertinax for attempting to reform entrenched corruption too quickly without allowing sufficient time for gradual adjustment.[141][175][176][177][178] Modern historians frequently compare Pertinax to Galba, who in 68 similarly attempted to restore order after Nero but fell victim to the Praetorian Guard.[179] Aleksander Krawczuk highlighted Pertinax as the first Roman emperor to have risen from the lowest social class of freedmen ancestry.[180]

In chapter 19 of The Prince (1532), Niccolò Machiavelli evaluated Pertinax as an example of an upright prince who was undone because he attempted to impose moral reform upon soldiers accustomed to license and extortion, illustrating that hatred may be incurred through good deeds as easily as through evil ones.[181][182][183][184] In his essay 'Of the Original Contract', David Hume commended Pertinax as an 'excellent prince' whose modest reaction to his elevation reflected genuine virtue.[181][185][186] In 1788, at the Virginia Ratifying Convention, American delegate John Dawson cited the murder of Pertinax by the Praetorian Guard as an argument against the establishment of standing armies.[181][187]

The French political journalist and commentator André Géraud (1882–1974) adopted the pseudonym Pertinax during the twentieth century.[188][189] In Sophia McDougall's alternate history trilogy Romanitas, Pertinax survives the mutiny of 193 and implements reforms that preserve the Roman Empire into modern times.[190][191] At Paignton Zoo in Devon, England, the United Kingdom's oldest recorded western lowland gorilla, who died at age 42, was named Pertinax after the emperor.[192][193]

Where editions disagree (7)
Length of Pertinax's reign
  • English: 87 days (from 1 January to 28 March 193)
  • Russian: 87 days (from 1 January to 28 March 193)
  • Georgian: 86 days
  • Spanish: 87 days in the lead; 86 days in the body text
  • Belarusian: 85 days
  • Galician: 83 days
Number of Praetorian soldiers who stormed the palace on 28 March 193
  • Russian: 200 according to Cassius Dio; 300 according to the Historia Augusta
  • Ukrainian: 200 according to Cassius Dio; 300 according to other accounts
  • Georgian: 300 according to the Historia Augusta; 200 according to Cassius Dio
  • Hebrew: 300 soldiers
  • German: about 200 soldiers
Identity of Pertinax's mother
  • Italian: Lollia Acilia, a wealthy matron
  • Azerbaijani: Lollia Acilia
  • Spanish: Unknown
Father's primary occupation
  • Russian: Wool merchant and manufacturer
  • Italian: Timber trader and owner of amphora manufacturing kilns
  • French: Wool manufacturing and trade
  • German: Timber business
  • Polish: Timber trader
Reason for the cognomen Pertinax
  • Russian: Given by his father to mark his own tenacious and persistent work in the wool trade
  • Hungarian: Given by his father to mark his steadfastness in the timber trade
Patron who obtained his first military commission
  • Russian: Lollianus Avitus according to Julius Capitolinus; Claudius Pompeianus according to Cassius Dio
  • Ukrainian: Lollianus Avitus according to the Historia Augusta; Claudius Pompeianus according to Cassius Dio
  • English: Either Lucius Avitus or Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus
  • German: Lucius Lollianus Avitus
Title of Augusta for Flavia Titiana
  • Russian: Pertinax refused the title voted by the Senate, though it appeared on coins minted in Egypt
  • German: Pertinax refused the title according to the Historia Augusta, but she is attested as Augusta on coins and inscriptions
  • Polish: She held the title of Augusta as attested by an inscription in Metz and Alexandrian coins, though denied by the Historia Augusta
Sources (75 Wikipedia editions)

Non-English editions provide extensive biographical and administrative details not covered in the English article. The Russian and Italian editions detail Pertinax's early civilian posts as procurator ad alimenta and commander of the Rhine fleet, the Bruehl inscription confirming his career, the mother's death at Cologne, the identity of his mother Lollia Acilia, and his personal moneylending and wool manufacturing enterprises. The Russian, Ukrainian, and French editions also contribute specific legislative details such as the revival of Hadrian's Lex Hadriana de rudibus agris for uncultivated land, the crucifixion of slaves who gave false testimony, and the identity of his killer, the Tungrian soldier Tausius.

Assembled from the Wikipedia articles below, each pinned to the revision read on 2026-09-27. Together they hold 589 references; the English article alone has 30.

EditionArticleRevisionSizeRefs
EnglishPertinax137058827114.2 KB30
RussianПертинакс15192771076.9 KB8
ArmenianՊերտինաքս1068473434.5 KB37
UkrainianПертінакс4812287832.8 KB39
Georgianპერტინაქსი547162029.3 KB29
ItalianPertinace15102736822.5 KB63
AlbanianPertinaksi300301119.7 KB43
GreekΠερτίναξ1177083617.9 KB43
SpanishPertinax17299364217.1 KB7
FrenchPertinax (empereur romain)23871860816.9 KB14
GermanPertinax (Kaiser)27032608714.2 KB3
DutchPertinax (keizer)7194567614.2 KB30
Arabicبرتيناكس7497282213.6 KB24
FinnishPertinax2427438913.1 KB22
PortuguesePertinax7095074713.1 KB12
Hebrewפרטינקס4381771312.6 KB0
NorwegianPertinax2460620812.2 KB44
SlovenianPertinaks644625510.5 KB41
Japaneseペルティナクス10368414710.0 KB38
Mingrelianპერტინაქსი2129789.9 KB0
BulgarianПертинакс129797579.0 KB0
VietnamesePertinax744134458.0 KB23
EsperantoPertinakso93779217.6 KB1
SerbianПертинакс300206697.5 KB2
HungarianPertinax római császár287799707.3 KB0
TurkishPertinax377069087.0 KB0
PolishPertynaks791942116.8 KB3
CzechPertinax (císař)261442406.7 KB10
Chinese佩蒂纳克斯928925446.5 KB2
CatalanPèrtinax384373836.3 KB2
LithuanianPertinakas76540865.9 KB0
IndonesianPertinax280623885.7 KB0
Persianپرتیناکس428792785.5 KB0
Korean페르티낙스390133135.0 KB0
SwedishPublius Helvius Pertinax591518434.6 KB8
Urduپیرتیناکس119703824.3 KB0
GalicianPertinax73882514.2 KB1
Western FrisianPertinaks12267463.8 KB0
MaduresePertinax578963.7 KB0
Thaiจักรพรรดิแปร์ตินักส์132841973.6 KB1
LatinPublius Helvius Pertinax32833433.1 KB0
AzerbaijaniPertinaks72404053.1 KB0
LatvianPertinakss45177042.9 KB1
SlovakPertinax (rímsky cisár)79725892.8 KB0
IcelandicPertinax15078902.8 KB0
BasquePertinax84357412.6 KB0
RomanianPertinax179679242.6 KB0
BretonPertinax20037662.3 KB1
ScotsPertinax7875522.3 KB3
Serbian (Latin)Pertinaks412568252.2 KB0
Marathiपर्टिनॅक्स15022142.0 KB0
WelshPertinax108958752.0 KB0
MacedonianПертинакс51566082.0 KB2
azbپرتیناکس5702231.7 KB0
CroatianPertinaks74540181.7 KB0
DanishPertinax92711411.6 KB0
Egyptian Arabicبرتيناكس121404111.5 KB0
KurdishPertînaks18475511.5 KB1
BosnianPertinaks38773101.5 KB0
AfrikaansPertinax22519071.3 KB0
OccitanPertinax21883031.2 KB0
WarayPertinax62556361.0 KB0
BelarusianПертынакс46585670.8 KB1
zh_min_nanPertinax18697500.8 KB0
Norwegian NynorskPertinax33887220.8 KB0
Old EnglishPertinax2052610.7 KB0
EstonianPertinax63533120.7 KB0
SicilianPirtinaci7174730.7 KB0
PiedmontesePertinas8477330.5 KB0
SwahiliPertinax10871610.5 KB0
ZazaPertinax5343690.4 KB0
YorubaPertinax5715340.3 KB0
Wu Chinese佩蒂纳克斯3424620.3 KB0
KongoPertinax414730.2 KB0
zh_yue佩蒂納克斯15978400.2 KB0
The text on this page comes from the Wikipedia articles listed above, written by their contributors, and is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence. It was translated and merged from those articles, may contain errors, and has not been reviewed by Wikipedia editors. The image is from Wikimedia Commons; its own licence is on its file page. SuperCharged Wiki is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Wikimedia Foundation. How this works.

References

  1. Meckler, Michael. Pertinax (193 A.D). An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. 2008. Дата обращения: 6 ноября 2011. Архивировано 6 апреля 2007 года.
  2. Dio, 74:3
  3. Геродиан, 1996, II, 3, 1. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  4. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, I, 1. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  5. Ritrovati i possedimenti dell'imperatore Publio Elvio Pertinace, su savonanews.it.
  6. Nell'attuale frazione vadese di Sant'Ermete sono tuttora visibili alcuni resti della casa paterna, così come nella stessa frazione si riscontrino ancora i resti di antiche fornaci per la cottura delle terrecotte.
  7. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 1:2
  8. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 1:3
  9. Canduci, 2010, p. 50. (Canduci Alexander. Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors. — Sydney: Murdoch Books, 2010. — 367 p.)
  10. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 1:4
  11. A. Canduci, Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, St Leonards, 2010, p. 50.
  12. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 896. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  13. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, I, 5. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  14. L’Année épigraphique. 1963, 52. Дата обращения: 27 ноября 2011. Архивировано из оригинала 28 ноября 2011 года.
  15. Lendering 2004. (Lendering, Jona (2004). «Pertinax». Livius)
  16. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIV, 3, 1. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  17. Дион Кассий, LXXIV, 3, 1.
  18. Lippold, 1983, s. 177. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  19. Lendering Jona. Publius Helvius Pertinax. Part 1 . Дата обращения: 6 ноября 2011. Архивировано 21 января 2014 года.
  20. AE 1963, 52.
  21. Zu den Anfängen Max Fluss: Helvius 15a. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Supplementband III, Stuttgart 1918, Sp. 895–904, hier Sp. 896.
  22. Кравчук. Галерея императоров, 2010, с. 349. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  23. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, I, 6. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  24. Lendering 2010. (Lendering, Jona (2010). «The Career of Pertinax». Livius)
  25. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 2:1
  26. Lippold, 1983, s. 178. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  27. Birley, 2005, p. 173. (Birley Anthony. The Roman government of Britain. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. — 548 p.)
  28. Lippold, 1983, s. 180. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  29. Hubert Devijver: Les „militiae equestres“ de P. Helvius Pertinax. In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Band 75, 1988, S. 207–214, hier: S. 208–210 (online).
  30. CIL XVI, 123.
  31. CIL VI, 41120.
  32. Historia Augusta, Pertinace, 2.2. ((LA) Historia Augusta.)
  33. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, II, 4. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  34. Lippold, 1983, s. 175—176. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  35. Historia Augusta, Pertinace, 2.4. ((LA) Historia Augusta.)
  36. Lippold, 1983, s. 181—182. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  37. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, II, 4—5. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  38. Lippold, 1983, s. 185—186. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  39. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, II, 6. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  40. Historia Augusta, Pertinace, 2.6. ((LA) Historia Augusta.)
  41. Lippold, 1983, s. 190. (Lippold A. Zur Laufbahn des P. Helvius Pertinax (нем.) // Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquium. — Habelt, Bonn, 1983. — S. 173—191.)
  42. Migliorati 2011, p. 276; Zwikker 1941, p. 216; (DE) Lemma Wikisource in tedesco, E.Ritterling, in Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. XII, 2, Stoccarda, 1893 segg., col. 1397–I Adiutrix.. (Guido Migliorati, Iscrizioni per la ricostruzione storica dell'Impero romano da Marco Aurelio a Commodo, Milano, EDUCatt, 2011, ISBN 9788883118807.)
  43. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 896—897. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  44. Historia Augusta, Pertinace, 2.7. ((LA) Historia Augusta.)
  45. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 2:9
  46. Meckler 1997. (Meckler, Michael L. (1997). «Pertinax (192-193 A.D.)». De Imperatoribus Romanis)
  47. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 3. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  48. Historia Augusta, Pertinace, 2.11-3.1; Migliorati 2011, pp. 277-278. ((LA) Historia Augusta.)
  49. Diploma militaris AE 1987, 84, Drobeta Turnu Severin (Rumanía): Imp(erator) Caesar divi Antonini fil(ius) divi Veri Parthici maximi / frater divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pro/nepos divi Nervae abnepos M(arcus) Aurelius Antoninus / Aug(ustus) Germanic(us) Sarmatic(us) pontifex maximus tribunic(ia) / potest(ate) XXXIII imp(erator) IX co(n)s(ul) III p(ater) p(atriae) et / Imp(erator) Caesar L(ucius) Aelius Aurelius Commodus Aug(ustus) Antonini / Aug(usti) fil(ius) divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi / Traiani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Ger/manic(us) Sarmatic(us) tribunic(ia) potest(ate) III imp(erator) II co(n)s(ul) II p(ater) p(atriae) / equitibus et peditibus qui militaverunt in alis duabus / quae appellantur I Batavor(um) et I Bosporanor(um) et co/hortium decem et duobus (sic) I Alpinor(um) et I Aug(usta) Itur(a)e/orum et III Dalmatar(um) et V Gallor(um) et I T(h)racium sagit(tariorum) / et I Ubior(um) et II Gallor(um) et Pannonior(um) et I Vindelicor(um) / et VIII Raetor(um) et III Campestrum et IIII Hispanor(um) / et II Fla(via) Commag(enorum) et vexillatio (sic) peditum singular(ium) / Brittannicianor(um) et sunt in Dacia superiore sub / Helvio Pertinace leg(ato) quinis et vicenis pluribusve sti/pendi(i)s emeritis dimissis honesta missione quorum / nomina subscripta sunt civitatem Romanam qui / eorum non haberent dederunt et conubium cum / uxoribus quas tunc habuissent cum est civitas iis / data aut cum iis quas postea duxissent dumtaxat singulis / {a(nte) d(iem)} Kal(endis) Aprilibus / [M(arco)] Acilio Faustino L(ucio) Iulio Proculiano co(n)s(ulibus) / cohor(tis) III Campestr(um) cui praefuit / Avonius Saturninus / ex peditibus / Ulpio Ulpi fil(io) Herculano Stobis / descriptum et recognitum ex tabula aerea quae fi/xa est Romae in muro post templum divi Aug(usti) / ad Minervam // Imp(erator) Caesar divi Antonini fil(ius) divi Veri Parthici maxim(i) fra/ter divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos di/vi Nervae abnepos M(arcus) Aurelius Antoninus Aug(ustus) Germa/nicus Sarmaticus pontifex maximus tribunic(ia) potest(ate) / XXXIII imp(erator) X co(n)s(ul) III p(ater) p(atriae) et / Imp(erator) Caesar L(ucius) Aelius Aurelius Commodus Aug(ustus) Antonini / Aug(usti) fil(ius) divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traia/ni Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Germanicus / Sarmatic(us) tribunic(ia) potest(ate) III imp(erator) II co(n)s(ul) II p(ater) p(atriae) / equitibus et peditibus qui militaverunt in alis duabus / quae appellantur I Batavor(um) et I Bosporanor(um) et / cohortium decem et duobus (sic) I Alpinor(um) et Aug(usta) Itur(a)e/or(um) et III Dalmatar(um) et V Gallor(um) et I Thracium sagit(tariorum) / et I Ubior(um) et VIII Raetor(um) et III Campestrum et IIII His/panor(um) et II Fl(avia) Commag(enorum) et vexillatio (sic) peditum sin/gular(ium) Brittannicianorum et sunt in Dacia supe/riore sub Helvio Pertinace leg(ato) quinis et vicenis plu/ribusve stipendi(i)s emeri(ti)s dimissis honesta mis/sione quorum nomina subscripta sunt civitatem / Romanam qui eorum non haberent dederunt et co/nubium cum uxoribus quas tunc habuissent cum est / civitas iis data aut cum iis quas postea duxissent / dumtaxat singulis // Kal(endis) Aprilib(us) / M(anio) Acilio Faustino L(ucio) Iulio Proculiano co(n)s(ulibus) / coh(o)r(tis) III Ca(m)pestr(um) cui praefuit / Avonius Saturninus / ex peditibus / Ulpio Ulpi fil(io) Herculano Stobis / descriptum et recognitu(m) ex tabula / aerea quae fixa est Romae in mu/ro post templum divi Aug(usti) ad Miner/vam // D(ecimi) Aemili Felicis / Cn(aei) Pompei Niconis / P(ubli) Tulli Callicrates(!) / D(ecimi) Aemili Quadrati / P(ubli) Orvi Dii / P(ubli) Aeli Trofimi / D(ecimi) Aemili Agat(h)ocletis.
  50. Грант, 1998, с. 127. (Грант М. Римские императоры. Пертинакс. — М.: Терра — Книжный клуб, 1998. — 400 с.)
  51. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 897. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  52. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 3:4
  53. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, III, 6—10. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  54. Birley, 2005, p. 173—174. (Birley Anthony. The Roman government of Britain. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. — 548 p.)
  55. Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 3:10
  56. Birley, 2005
  57. Ortving Lindholmer, Mads: «Pertinax» i Den Store Danske på lex.dk. Hentet 7. august 2024 fra
  58. Birley, 2005, p. 174. (Birley Anthony. The Roman government of Britain. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. — 548 p.)
  59. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, IV, 2. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  60. Erodiano, II, 2.6. ((GRC) Erodiano, Storia dell'impero dopo Marco Aurelio.)
  61. CIL XIV, 4138; CIL XIV, 251 (p 482, 614); CIL XIII, 4323; CIL III, 5178; CIL VI, 477.
  62. Birley (2005), p. 174. (Birley, Anthony (2005). The Roman Government of Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199252374.)
  63. Ковалёв, 2002, с. 718. (Ковалёв С. История Рима. — М.: Полигон, 2002. — 944 с. — ISBN 5-89173-171-1.)
  64. Canduci, 2010
  65. Bowman, 2005, p. 1. (Bowman Alan K. The Cambridge Ancient History : The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193—337. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.)
  66. Bowman, 2005, էջ 1
  67. Campbell (2005), p. 1. (Campbell, Brian (2005). "The Severan dynasty". In Alan K. Bowman; Peter Garnsey & Averil Cameron (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XII: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.)
  68. Bowman, 2005
  69. Кравчук. Галерея императоров, 2010, с. 348. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  70. Элий Лампридий. «История Августов». Коммод Антонин. XVII. 2.
  71. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 4:4
  72. Рыжов, 1999
  73. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 898. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  74. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 10. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  75. Gibbon, 1930
  76. Соломатин, 2011, с. 56. (Соломатин М. Социальный состав оппозиции императорскому режиму в правление Пертинакса // Межвузовский сборник научных статей «Античность Европы» / Под ред. И. Л. Маяк, А. З. Нюркаевой. — М., 2011. — С. 56—61.)
  77. Кравчук. Галерея императоров, 2010, с. 351—353. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  78. E. Gibbon, Herfsttij en Ondergang van het Romeinse Rijk, hfdst. 4.
  79. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIII, 1, 4. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  80. Histoire Auguste, « Pertinax », 4:5.
  81. Геродиан, 1996, II, 3, 3—4. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  82. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, IV, 10. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  83. Дион Кассий, LXXIV, 1, 4
  84. Геродиан, 1996, II, 3, 4. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  85. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 898—899. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  86. CIL II, 5128; CIL VI, 32387; CIL VIII, 8425; CIL VIII, 10238; CIL VIII, 10242.
  87. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIII, 7, 1—2. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  88. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 899. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  89. «Jona Lendering: Publius Helvius Pertinax. Part 2». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից 2012 թ․ հոկտեմբերի 31-ին. Վերցված է 2014 թ․ նոյեմբերի 23-ին.
  90. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, IX, 3. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  91. Дион Кассий, LXXIV, 4, 4
  92. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 7:8
  93. Dio, 74:5
  94. დიონ კასიუსი, 74:5
  95. דוד גולן, "פובליוס הלוויוס פרטינקס: מאורעות עיקריים בחייו לפי סדר השנים", בתוך: הקיסרים האנטונינים, עמ' 217.
  96. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, VIII, 10. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  97. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 8:11
  98. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 8:10
  99. Bowman, 2005, p. 2. (Bowman Alan K. The Cambridge Ancient History : The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193—337. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.)
  100. Соломатин, 1992, էջ 57—58
  101. Cass. Dio, LXXIV 8.
  102. Hérodien, livre II, 4, 6.
  103. Fluss. Pertinax 15a, 1935, s. 900. (Fluss. Pertinax 15a // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 895—904.)
  104. Соломатин, 2011, с. 58—59. (Соломатин М. Социальный состав оппозиции императорскому режиму в правление Пертинакса // Межвузовский сборник научных статей «Античность Европы» / Под ред. И. Л. Маяк, А. З. Нюркаевой. — М., 2011. — С. 56—61.)
  105. Southern, 2001, pp. 26—27. (Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. — London, New York: Routledge, 2001.)
  106. Kenneth W. Harl (1999). "Roman Currency of the Principate". Tulane University. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  107. Kenneth W. Harl. (1999) Roman Currency of the Principate. Tulane University. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2001-02-10. ციტირების თარიღი: 2015-12-01.
  108. Соломатин, 2011, с. 60. (Соломатин М. Социальный состав оппозиции императорскому режиму в правление Пертинакса // Межвузовский сборник научных статей «Античность Европы» / Под ред. И. Л. Маяк, А. З. Нюркаевой. — М., 2011. — С. 56—61.)
  109. Грант, 1998
  110. Georges Depeyrot, Le Bas Empire romain, économie et numismatique (284-491), Éditions Errance, 1987, 140 pages (ISBN 2903442401), p. 124.
  111. Соломатин, 2011, с. 58. (Соломатин М. Социальный состав оппозиции императорскому режиму в правление Пертинакса // Межвузовский сборник научных статей «Античность Европы» / Под ред. И. Л. Маяк, А. З. Нюркаевой. — М., 2011. — С. 56—61.)
  112. Дион Кассий, LXXIV, 8, 5
  113. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 23. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  114. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 31. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  115. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 6:8
  116. Геродиан, 1996, II, 4, 1. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  117. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 8:8
  118. Соломатин, 1992, էջ 57
  119. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, V, 2. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  120. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 32. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  121. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, VII, 7. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  122. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 6:10
  123. Historia Augusta, Pertinax , 6:11
  124. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, XII, 8. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  125. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 35. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  126. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, VI, 4—5. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  127. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 26. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  128. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIV, 8. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  129. Dio, 74:8
  130. დიონ კასიუსი, 74:8
  131. Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 10:4
  132. Bowman, 2005, էջ 2
  133. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIV, 9. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  134. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, XI, 1. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  135. Dio, 74:9
  136. Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 11:1
  137. დიონ კასიუსი, 74:9
  138. Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 11:7
  139. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, XI, 8—10. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  140. Дион Кассий, LXXIV, 10, 1
  141. Dio, 74:10
  142. Геродиан, 1996, II, прим. 38. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  143. Кравчук. Галерея императоров, 2010, с. 359—360. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  144. François Zosso & Christian Zingg : Les empereurs romains. 27 av. J.-C. - 476 ap. J.-C. Embannadurioù Errance. 1994. p. 62-63
  145. Грант, 1998, с. 128—129. (Грант М. Римские императоры. Пертинакс. — М.: Терра — Книжный клуб, 1998. — 400 с.)
  146. Dio 74:6
  147. Glay, Marcel le; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Bohec, Yann le (2001). A History of Rome. Translated by Nevill, Antonia (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 369–372. ISBN 1-4051-1083-X.
  148. Southern, 2001, էջ 27
  149. Jona Lendering: Publius Helvius Pertinax (2) (Osa 2) Livius.org. Arkistoitu 31.10.2012. Viitattu 23.12.2010. (englanniksi)
  150. Федченков, 2006, с. 101—102. (Федченков Д. От Антонинов к Северам. Система принципата на рубеже II—III вв. н. э.. — Дмсс. канд… ист. наук. — Новгород: Новгородский государственный университет, 2006. — 197 с.)
  151. Ковалёв, 2002, с. 719—720. (Ковалёв С. История Рима. — М.: Полигон, 2002. — 944 с. — ISBN 5-89173-171-1.)
  152. Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 15:2
  153. Marcel le Glay; Jean-Louis Voisin; Yann le Bohec (2001). A History of Rome (në anglisht). Përkthyer nga Antonia Nevill (bot. i tretë). Oksford, MB: Blackwell Publishing. fq. 369–372. ISBN 1-4051-1083-X.
  154. Кравчук. Галерея императриц, 2010, с. 181. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императриц. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 318 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0528-0.)
  155. SHA, 1999, Север, VII, 9. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  156. Aleksander Krawczuk: Poczet cesarzowych Rzymu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Iskry, 1998, s. 134-136.
  157. Fluss. Pertinax 15b, 1935. (Fluss. Pertinax 15b // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. — 1935. — Bd. Suppl. III. — Kol. 904—905.)
  158. Bowman, 2005, p. 4. (Bowman Alan K. The Cambridge Ancient History : The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193—337. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.)
  159. Historia Augusta, Pertinax, 15:5
  160. Кравчук. Галерея императриц, 2010, с. 178. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императриц. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 318 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0528-0.)
  161. Hérodien, I, 4 et II, 1, 4.
  162. Słownik cesarzy rzymskich (red. J. Prostko-Prostyński). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2001, s. 95.
  163. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIV, прим. 34. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  164. Pertinax Inv. 1914 n. 202. Uffizi Digitization Project.
  165. SHA, 1999, Пертинакс, XIII, 8. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  166. Кравчук. Галерея императриц, 2010, с. 179—180. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императриц. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 318 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0528-0.)
  167. Viz Feriale Duranum, Fasti Philocali a Cassius Dio 74, 3.
  168. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, XII, 1. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  169. Krawczuk: Római császárok 237. o.
  170. Аврелий Виктор, 1997, XVIII, 1. (Секст Аврелий Виктор. О цезарях // Римские историки IV века. — М.: Росспэн, 1997. — С. 77—123. — ISBN 5-86004-072-5.)
  171. SHA, 1999, Гельвий Пертинакс, XII, 2—4. (Властелины Рима. — М.: Ладомир, 1999. — ISBN 5-86218-365-5.)
  172. Геродиан, 1996, II, 1, 4. (Геродиан. История императорской власти после Марка. — М.: Росспэн, 1996. — 272 с. — ISBN 5-8600-4073-3.)
  173. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIV, 3, 4. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  174. Махлаюк, 1992, с. 407. (Махлаюк А. Историк «века железа и ржавчины» // Кассий Дион Коккейан Римская история. Книги LXIV—LXXX. — Пермь: Нестор-История, 1992. — С. 372—437.)
  175. Dio, 74:1
  176. Zimmermann, 1999, s. 151. (Zimmermann A. Kaiser und Ereignis. Studien zum Geschichtswerk Herodians. — München: C.H.Beck, 1999. — 346 S. — ISBN 3-406-45162-4.)
  177. Дион Кассий, 2011, LXXIV, 10, 3. (Дион Кассий. Римская история. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — 456 с. — ISBN 978-5-98187-733-9.)
  178. Dion Kasi, 74:10.
  179. Грант, 1998, с. 129. (Грант М. Римские императоры. Пертинакс. — М.: Терра — Книжный клуб, 1998. — 400 с.)
  180. Кравчук. Галерея императоров, 2010, с. 356. (Кравчук А. Галерея римских императоров. Принципат. — Екатеринбург: У-Фактория, 2010. — 508 с. — ISBN 978-5-9757-0496-2.)
  181. Richard, Carl J. (1994). The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment. United States: Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-674-31426-3.
  182. Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince, Ch. XIX.
  183. Machiavelli: Fyrsten, kapittel XIX
  184. N. Machiavelli, Il Principe, hfdst. XIX.
  185. David Hume – Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, II.
  186. OC 41, Mil 483-484
  187. Graham, John Remington (2009). Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution (në anglisht). ShBA: Pelican Publishing. fq. 139. ISBN 978-158980589-7.
  188. "The Press: Pertinax Goes Home". Time. 15 October 1945. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 26 March 2018.(subscription required)
  189. André Géraud, nekrolog i New York Times
  190. McDougall, Sophia. "A Short History of the Roman Empire". Romanitas. Archived from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  191. Book Review: Rome Burning by Sophia McDougall. GeneratePress · WordPress. [dostęp 2020-11-13]. (ang.).
  192. "Zoo announces death of UK's 'oldest gorilla'". BBC. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  193. Winter, Stuart (25 September 2018). "Battle for the island of the apes: Old silverback deposed by teenage gorillas". Daily Express. Retrieved 28 March 2026.