Philip V of Spain

Early life and education

Philippe was born on 19 December 1683 at the Palace of Versailles in France.^[2][5] He was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, heir apparent to the French throne, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria.^[5][6] Immediately after his birth, he was given an emergency baptism (ondoyé) in his mother's chamber by Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne, Cardinal de Bouillon, and Nicolas Thibault, the parish priest of Saint-Julien at Versailles, in the presence of his paternal grandfather, King Louis XIV, and his great-uncle Philippe I, Duke of Orléans.^[7][8] At birth, he received the title of Duke of Anjou, a traditional designation for younger sons of the French royal family, which he bore until his accession to the Spanish throne.^[5] On 18 January 1687, he was solemnly baptised alongside his two brothers, Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and Charles, Duke of Berry, in the royal chapel at Versailles by Pierre du Cambout de Coislin, Bishop of Orléans and First Almoner to the King.^[9] His godfather was Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, and his godmother was Élisabeth-Charlotte of the Palatinate, the future Duchess of Lorraine and Bar.^[9]

As the Duke of Burgundy stood second in line to the French crown after their father, there was little expectation that Philip or his younger brother Charles would ever rule France.^[6][10] He spent his earliest years under the care of the royal governess Louise de Prie.^[6] Philip lost his mother when he was seven years old.^[11][12][13] The Duke of Saint-Aignan was appointed as his governor, assisted by François Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai, who served as preceptor to Philip and his brothers.^[6] Fénelon and Paul de Beauvilliers provided the three princes with an extensive education in classical letters, history, administration, and religion, instilling in Philip a strict Christian moral code that emphasized the fear of mortal sin.^[6][12][14] His maternal great-aunt, the Duchess of Orléans, and the court physician Helvetius also played significant roles during his childhood in helping him overcome profound personal shyness and misanthropy.^[12][15]

Philip's adolescence was marked by intense scrupulosity, piety, and an acute aversion to court vices.^[12][14] At the age of fifteen, an incident occurred in which his great-aunt introduced an adolescent girl into his chambers; Philip resisted the encounter and subsequently spent three months reading accounts of saints and martyrs in acts of penance and mortification.^[16][17] He grew into a youth of medium height, with blue eyes and blond hair.^[18] Observers noted that he bore some physical resemblance to his Habsburg ancestors, particularly Charles II of Spain, but possessed a stronger constitution and superior formal schooling.^[11][14][19]

Claims to the Spanish succession

By the late 1690s, the physical decline and childlessness of King Charles II of Spain created an acute diplomatic crisis across Europe.^[20] To prevent the concentration of the vast Spanish Empire in the hands of either the French Bourbons or the Austrian Habsburgs, the European maritime powers negotiated several partition treaties without Spanish participation.^[20] Under the First Partition Treaty, signed at The Hague in 1698, the designated universal heir was Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, who was awarded the peninsular kingdoms, Sardinia, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American empire, while France was to receive Guipúzcoa, Naples, and Sicily, and Austria was assigned the Duchy of Milan.

The death of Joseph Ferdinand foiled this plan.^[21] In 1700 a second partition treaty was signed in London between France, England, and the Dutch Republic. This agreement designated Archduke Charles of Austria as heir to peninsular Spain, the Low Countries, and the Indies, while the French Dauphin was to receive Naples, Sicily, Tuscany, and the Duchy of Lorraine, with the Duke of Lorraine compensated with Milan. Emperor Leopold I was not satisfied with this agreement and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance for his second son, Archduke Charles. Under pressure from his adviser, Cardinal Portocarrero, Charles II chose the French Bourbons.^[13]

On 2 October 1700, Charles II made Philip, Duke of Anjou, his heir.^[13] If Philip refused or inherited the French throne, the succession was to pass to his younger brother, the Duke of Berry, and subsequently to Archduke Charles of Austria.^[22] Philip held a strong genealogical claim through his grandmother Maria Theresa of Spain, eldest daughter of Philip IV and half-sister of Charles II, as well as his great-grandmother Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III.^[23] The Austrian branch argued that Maria Theresa had renounced her rights to the Spanish succession upon her marriage to Louis XIV; the French crown maintained that this renunciation was legally null because the substantial dowry stipulated in the Treaty of the Pyrenees had never been paid.^[24][25] When Charles II died on 1 November 1700 in Madrid, the testament was read that same day before the grandees of Spain.^[26]

The news of Charles II's death reached the French court, then staying at Fontainebleau, on 9 November 1700.^[27] After extensive deliberations in the French Royal Council, during which the Grand Dauphin argued vigorously for his son's dynastic rights, Louis XIV resolved to accept the Spanish will rather than abide by the partition treaty, reasoning that war with the Empire was inevitable in either case.^[27][28] On 16 November 1700, Louis XIV formally presented the seventeen-year-old Philip to the gathered ambassadors and courtiers in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, stating: "Messieurs, voici le roi d'Espagne".^[29][30][31] He instructed Philip to be a good Spaniard while remembering his French birth to preserve peace in Europe.^[29][30][31] The Spanish ambassador, the Marquess of Castel dos Rios, reportedly proclaimed that the Pyrenees were no more.^[30] European powers initially recognized Philip's accession, with the sole exception of Emperor Leopold I.^[30]

Arrival in Spain and first marriage

Philip left the French capital on 4 December 1700, accompanied by his brothers.^[32] He took leave of his brothers at the Bidasoa River on 14 December and then set out for Madrid.^[32] On 8 May 1701, Philip was formally proclaimed and took his royal oath before the Cortes of Castile in the Monastery of San Jerónimo el Real in Madrid.^[32][33] In accordance with the thirteenth clause of Charles II's will, the monarch was obligated to swear to uphold the laws, charters, and customs of the distinct realms of the monarchy.^[34]

In the autumn of 1701, Philip journeyed to Catalonia to swear to the Catalan Constitutions before the Corts of Barcelona, which assembled in late 1701 and early 1702.^[35][36][37] While in Catalonia, he concluded his marriage to Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy, whom Louis XIV had chosen for him to consolidate an alliance with Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy.^[37][38][39] The proxy wedding took place in Turin on 11 September 1701, followed by the wedding in person in Figueres on 2 November 1701.^[37][38][40] Maria Luisa's elder sister, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, had previously married Philip's elder brother, the Duke of Burgundy.^[38][39]

Maria Luisa proved highly capable and popular in Spain.^[41] When Philip departed in April 1702 to campaign in Italy, she served as regent in Madrid at the age of fourteen, supported by Marie-Anne de La Trémoille, Princesse des Ursins, whom Louis XIV had installed as the queen's Camarera mayor de Palacio.^[41] The queen effectively presided over the government councils, rallied financial contributions from the Cortes of Aragon in Zaragoza, and maintained administrative cohesion during the monarch's nine-month absence.^[41][42][43] In Naples, Philip received gifts that included Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sculpture Boy with a Dragon.^[41] Throughout their marriage, Philip exhibited profound emotional and sexual dependence on his wife, maintaining strict fidelity without taking mistresses, a habit rooted in his scrupulous religious convictions.^[44] Maria Luisa died from scrofulous tuberculosis on 14 February 1714 at the age of twenty-five, which plunged Philip into severe depression and incapacitating melancholia.^{[13][41][45][46]}

War of the Spanish Succession

Philip's accession quickly alarmed the European powers due to provocative measures taken by Louis XIV.^[47][48] On 1 February 1701, the Parlement of Paris registered letters patent preserving Philip's right of succession to the French throne and extending naturalisation rights to his male heirs, raising fears of a future personal union between France and Spain.^[47][49] That same month, French troops entered the Spanish Netherlands with the consent of the Spanish regency to garrison frontier barrier fortresses, ejecting Dutch garrisons in violation of the 1698 bilateral agreements and the Treaty of Ryswick.^[28] In September 1701, following the death of the exiled James II of England, Louis XIV recognized his son James Francis Edward Stuart as king of England and Scotland, alienating William III. Furthermore, French commercial firms received exclusive trading privileges in the Spanish Empire, including the lucrative Asiento contract for supplying enslaved Africans.^[28]

In response, England, the Dutch Republic, and Austria formed the Grand Alliance through the Treaty of The Hague, which Savoy and Portugal joined in 1703.^[50][51] The Alliance declared war on France and Spain in May 1702, formally inaugurating the War of the Spanish Succession. Within Spain, the conflict developed into a civil war.^[52][53] The Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of Navarre remained loyal to Philip V, whereas widespread anti-French sentiment, commercial interests, and the fear of centralising French administrative practices led the realms of the Crown of Aragon (Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca) to rally behind Archduke Charles of Austria, who was proclaimed King Charles III of Spain.^[52][54][55]

The military conflict involved fighting across the Low Countries, Germany, northern Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, and colonial North America, where it was known as Queen Anne's War.^[56][57] British and allied forces achieved naval supremacy, capturing Gibraltar in August 1704.^[58] In 1705, allied forces under the Earl of Peterborough landed in Catalonia, took Barcelona, and established Archduke Charles's royal court there.^[52][59] Allied columns advanced into the interior, forcing Philip to abandon Madrid twice, first in June 1706 and again in 1710, temporarily obliging him to establish his government in Burgos.^[53][59][60]

Philip maintained his throne through domestic Castilian support and French military assistance.^[53][58][60] On 25 April 1707, a Franco-Spanish army under James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Almansa, breaking the allied position in eastern Spain and opening the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon to royalist conquest.^[13][53][61] Following the capture of the Valencian city of Xàtiva in 1707, Philip ordered the town burned and its name changed to San Felipe; as an act of historical retribution, Philip's portrait has been displayed hanging upside down in the Municipal Museum of L'Almodí in Xàtiva.^[62] In 1710 Archduke Charles occupied Madrid, but the capital was soon recovered by General Vendôme, whom Louis XIV had sent to help his grandson.^[60] Louis Joseph Vendôme's victory at the Battle of Brihuega in 1710 helped save Philip's throne.^[13][60]

The geopolitical dynamic changed fundamentally in April 1711 when Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I died without male heirs, leaving Archduke Charles to inherit the Austrian hereditary lands and the imperial crown as Emperor Charles VI.^[63] The maritime powers, unwilling to see the vast empire of Charles V recreated under a single Habsburg ruler, actively pursued peace negotiations.^[63] Negotiations were further accelerated by dynastic mortality in France: the deaths of the Grand Dauphin in 1711 and the Duke of Burgundy and his elder son in 1712 left the two-year-old Duke of Anjou (later Louis XV) as the fragile sole heir to Louis XIV.^[64] Although Philip was offered the option of relinquishing the Spanish throne to retain his place in the French line of succession, he refused, choosing to remain in Spain.^[65]

On 5 November 1712, Philip renounced ruling Spain and France together should his French relatives die out..^[66][67] In exchange, Philip insisted on promulgating semi-Salic succession rules in Spain, designed to ensure that the Spanish crown would remain within his direct male line.^[67][68] The peace terms were set in the Treaty of Utrecht, signed on 11 April 1713, and ratified with Emperor Charles VI in the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714..^[64][67][69] Philip was recognized as the legitimate King of Spain and retained the American and Asian territories.^[28][67] However, Spain surrendered all of its European territories outside the peninsula: Great Britain acquired Gibraltar and Menorca, along with the Asiento monopoly; the Austrian Habsburgs received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan, and the Kingdom of Sardinia; and the Duke of Savoy received the Kingdom of Sicily and portions of the Milanese.^[66][67]

Despite the withdrawal of allied troops following the treaties, the institutions of Catalonia continued to resist Philip's authority.^[70] The Siege of Barcelona ended on 11 September 1714 when Franco-Spanish forces under the Duke of Berwick breached the walls and captured the city.^[70] The fortress of Cardona surrendered shortly thereafter, and the conquest of Majorca in July 1715 brought the War of the Spanish Succession to an end.^[70] Overall, the global conflict claimed approximately 400,000 lives.^[56][57]

Domestic reforms and centralisation

Philip V transformed the administrative apparatus of Spain by dismantling the poly-synodal conciliar system of the Habsburgs and replacing it with an absolutist, centralised monarchy based on the French administrative model.^[4][68][71] The cornerstone of this policy was the issuance of the Nueva Planta decrees, enacted by right of conquest.^[68][72][73] The decrees were applied to the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia in 1707, and the reform reached Majorca with its conquest in 1715.^[68] The decree for the Principality of Catalonia was applied in 1716..^[74] These edicts abolished the separate parliaments (Corts), legal charters (fueros), and municipal autonomous institutions across the Crown of Aragon, assimilating their public law, fiscal structures, and administration directly to Castilian models.^[71][75][76] Only the Kingdom of Navarre, the Basque provinces (Álava, Biscay, and Guipúzcoa), and the Val d'Aran retained their historic charters and institutions as reward for their steadfast loyalty to Philip during the war.^[71][77]

In the former Crown of Aragon, a militarised administration on the Castilian model, with a Captain General, a Royal Audiencia and corregidores, was set up to control the states that had rebelled..^[78] Drawing inspiration from the French intendant system, provincial intendancies were introduced across Spain to supervise finance, provisioning, public works, and taxation.^[79][80] At the central level, the Councils of Aragon, Flanders, and Italy were abolished, and their remaining domestic business was concentrated in the Council of Castile.^[81] Executive authority shifted from the traditional aristocratic consultative councils to individual Secretariats of State and Dispatch (Secretarías de Estado y del Despacho), modern functional departments headed by professional ministers appointed directly by the monarch.^[82] By November 1714, these offices were formalized into five portfolios: State (Foreign Affairs), Grace and Justice, War, Navy and the Indies, and Finance.^[82]

The Cortes of Castile progressively incorporated representatives from the major cities of the former Crown of Aragon, but their function became strictly ceremonial, limited largely to swearing allegiance to the Prince of Asturias and voting on the Millones tax.^[68] On 10 May 1713, Philip promulgated the Fundamental Law of Succession, introducing semi-Salic law to Spain.^[67][68][83] This decree barred female dynasts from ascending the throne unless the male lines of the dynasty became entirely extinct, aiming to prevent foreign royal houses from claiming the Spanish crown via female descent.^[67][68][83]

Linguistic and cultural policies

The Nueva Planta decrees also established Castilian Spanish as the sole language of government administration, legal procedures, and judicial documentation across the realms of the former Crown of Aragon.^[74][78][84] The 1716 decree for Catalonia explicitly mandated that all cases in the Royal Audiencia be heard, transcribed, and resolved in Castilian.^[74] On 29 January 1716, the Council of Castile issued secret instructions drafted by Chief Prosecutor José Rodrigo de Villalpando to royal magistrates (corregidores) in Catalonia, commanding them to employ the most moderate and discreet measures to ensure the progressive substitution of Catalan by Castilian without alerting the general population.^[85][86] Catalan speakers were gradually excluded from public offices, and legal documentation was standardized in Castilian across Valencia, Aragon, Majorca, and Catalonia.^[74][78][87] An exception occurred in Menorca, where British colonial administration preserved the official and judicial use of the Catalan language until the island was restored to the Spanish crown under the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.^[84][88][89]

In tandem with administrative centralization, the crown established royal cultural academies modelled on those of Paris to project dynastic prestige and unify national culture.^[90] In 1712, the Royal Public Library (Biblioteca Real) was established in Madrid, incorporating over 6,000 royal volumes, including books brought from France by Philip V and the confiscated library of the exiled Archbishop of Valencia.^[13][91][92] A royal decree mandated that a copy of every book printed in Spain be deposited there, and the institution later served as the foundation for the National Library of Spain and published the literary journal Diario de los literatos de España.^[13][92]

The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española) grew out of the literary gathering of the Marquess of Villena; it was formally constituted in 1713 and received the title of Royal and the king's approval in 1714, with the task of standardizing the Castilian language and preserving its purity.^[93][94] Between 1726 and 1739, the academy published the six-volume Diccionario de Autoridades, establishing formal definitions supported by literary authorities, followed by an official Orthography in 1742.^[95][96] The Royal Academy of History (Real Academia de la Historia) was officially founded in 1738.^[13][97] It had begun around 1735 as a private gathering, and some of its members sought to correct a Spanish history built on legends and false chronicles..^[97] The crown also patronized the Matritense Academy of Medicine, the Academy of Fine Arts, the Royal Academy of Good Letters of Barcelona, and the Royal College of Surgery of Cádiz.^[13]

Economic and naval measures

Philip V sought to revive the stagnant Spanish economy through mercantilist policies, administrative reform, and the curtailment of regional tax immunities.^[98] French adviser Jean Orry established a centralized treasury department, curtailed administrative sinecures, and reduced state expenditure.^[34][99] In the Crown of Aragon, the historic fiscal systems were superseded by a unified direct tax: the equivalente in Valencia, the única contribución in Aragon, the catastro in Catalonia, and the talla in Majorca.^[100] Internal customs houses (puertos secos) separating Castile from Aragon and Valencia were abolished in November 1714, establishing free internal trade across the peninsula.^[101] However, when the crown attempted in 1717 to relocate the inland customs posts between Castile and the Basque provinces and Navarre to the coast and the French frontier, widespread revolts forced the government to abandon the measure.^[101][102]

Following mercantilist policies, the crown set up manufacturing works to produce goods for export..^[102] Royal manufactures were founded to produce luxury textiles, tapestries, and glassware, including the Santa Bárbara Tapestry Factory in Madrid in 1721 and the Royal Glass Factory of La Granja in 1727.^[13] To stimulate overseas commerce, Philip ended the centuries-old monopoly of the Casa de Contratación in Seville, transferring the trade agency and merchant consulate to Cádiz in 1717.^[102] The government chartered monopolistic commercial companies, including the Royal Caracas Company and the Royal Havana Company (founded in 1740), to combat British contraband trade and expand colonial commerce.^[103] Despite these revenues, royal expenditure on military operations and thousands of palace retainers chronically outpaced receipts, forcing Spain to suspend payments on its sovereign debt in 1739.^[104]

To protect transatlantic trade and assert Spanish influence, the crown completely restructured the armed forces and reconstructed the navy under the direction of José Patiño Rosales and Zenón de Somodevilla, Marquess of Ensenada. In 1704, the traditional Habsburg infantry formation, the tercio, was abolished in favor of a modern regimental system composed of brigades, battalions, and companies, with standardized uniforms, flintlocks, and socket bayonets. Manpower was expanded through regular standing recruitment, municipal drafts (quintas), and vagrancy roundups (levas).^[105] In 1717, the disparate regional fleets were unified into the Armada Española. State arsenals and modern shipyards were established at Cádiz, Ferrol, Cartagena, and Havana, accompanied by the naval enrollment system (matrícula de mar) for seafaring personnel and the establishment of a naval officers' academy in Cádiz.

Philip promoted Atlantic commerce and actively patronized privateers to combat British and Dutch smuggling and raiding.^[106][107] Prominent among these corsairs was the Tenerife-born captain Amaro Pargo, whom the king favoured repeatedly.^[106][107] In September 1714, Philip issued a royal order at the Palace of El Pardo appointing Pargo captain of a commercial vessel bound for Caracas.^[106][107] The king personally intervened to secure Pargo's release when he was detained by the Casa de Contratación in Cádiz, and authorised him to construct an armed corsair ship destined for Campeche.^{[108][109][110][111][112]}

Conflicts with the Holy See

Relations between the Spanish crown and the Holy See deteriorated sharply in 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession.^[113] Under military pressure from Austrian imperial forces occupying Rome, Pope Clement XI recognized Archduke Charles as King of Spain on 15 January 1709.^[113] Philip V responded decisively on 10 March 1709 by expelling the papal nuncio, Antonio Félix Zondadari, from Madrid.^[113][114] On 22 April 1709, Philip issued a royal decree asserting royal sovereignty over ecclesiastical administration: Spanish bishops were ordered to exercise full independent jurisdictional powers in dispensations and ecclesiastical litigation, bypassing the Roman Curia.^[114]

This rift ignited intense theological and legal controversy in Spain between ultramontane churchmen and Crown regalists.^{[114][115][116]} Antiregalist prelates, including Cardinal Luis Belluga, Bishop of Murcia, Cardinal Portocarrero, and Alonso de Monroy, Archbishop of Santiago, strongly protested the royal decrees, warning that state interference in church discipline risked creating a national schism.^[115] In contrast, Francisco Solís, Bishop of Córdoba and Viceroy of Aragon, published a landmark treatise in 1709 arguing that episcopal authority was established by divine right, advocating that the monarch assemble a national council of bishops on the model of the Visigothic Councils of Toledo to reform the Spanish Church on Gallican principles.^[116][117] In 1713, Melchor de Macanaz, prosecutor of the Council of Castile, prepared the Pedimento, a cornerstone document of Spanish regalism asserting absolute royal autonomy in temporal matters and advocating state oversight of university education and the Inquisition.^[118] Following the arrival of Elisabeth Farnese, Macanaz was denounced to the Inquisition and forced into exile.^[118] Diplomatic relations were restored through the provisional Concordat of 1717 negotiated by Giulio Alberoni, which restored papal jurisdiction in exchange for an annual subsidy of 150,000 ducats from ecclesiastical revenues to combat the Ottoman Empire.^[119]

A second major clash erupted in the 1730s when the Papacy questioned the Treaty of Seville, asserting feudal suzerainty over the Kingdom of Naples after Infante Don Carlos took the crown.^[120] The Spanish government, led by First Minister José Patiño, Cardinal Acquaviva in Rome, and Gaspar de Molina y Oviedo, Bishop of Málaga and Governor of the Council of Castile, launched a concerted campaign to secure universal royal patronage (Patronato Universal), claiming the right of royal presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices throughout Spanish territory.^[120] When the Roman Curia rejected the establishment of the Junta de Real Patronato in 1735, Bishop Molina confiscated papal briefs and enforced the royal exequatur, prohibiting any papal directive from taking effect in Spain without royal sanction.^[120] In 1737, an inquiry conducted by Abbot Vivanco revealed that approximately 30,000 ecclesiastical benefices in Spain were held by papal appointment rather than royal patronage.^[120] The crisis culminated in the Concordat of 1737, which regulated ecclesiastical asylum, limited the number of clerics, subjected church estates to state taxation, and left the issue of universal royal patronage open for future negotiation.^[120]

Second marriage and Italian campaigns

Queen Maria Luisa died on 14 February 1714, and shortly afterwards the king decided to marry again..^[121][122] Giulio Alberoni, an Italian-born abbot at the Castilian court with good relations with the Farnese, proposed to the Princesse des Ursins a match with Elisabeth Farnese, daughter of Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma, and Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg..^{[121][122][123]} Elisabeth was portrayed as a docile princess, but she was dynamic, educated, and the heiress to the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza and the Medici grand duchy of Tuscany.^[121] Philip and Elisabeth were married by proxy on 16 September 1714, and the marriage was ratified in Guadalajara on 24 December 1714..^{[40][124][125]} Upon Elisabeth's arrival at Jadraque near Guadalajara, the Princesse des Ursins rode out to greet her; Elisabeth promptly dismissed her, ordering the royal guards to conduct the astonished favourite across the border into France.^[125]

Queen Elisabeth quickly exercised dominant influence over Philip, steering Spanish foreign policy toward the recovery of the former Italian domains to carve out principalities for her own sons, Charles and Philip, who were behind Philip's sons by his first marriage in the Spanish succession.^{[126][127][128]} Supported by Alberoni, whom the king appointed chief minister, Spain launched expeditions to overturn the Treaty of Utrecht.^{[126][127][129]} In July 1717, a Spanish fleet and expeditionary army conquered Austrian-held Sardinia, followed in the summer of 1718 by the invasion and occupation of Sicily from the House of Savoy.^{[126][127][129]}

These aggressive actions provoked the formation of the Quadruple Alliance between Great Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, and the Holy Roman Empire.^[127][130] The Regent of France, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, allied against his Bourbon cousin to protect the Treaty of Utrecht, which secured his own succession prospects. On 11 August 1718, a British fleet under Admiral George Byng destroyed the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro off Sicily. French troops under the Duke of Berwick invaded northern Spain, while British naval forces raided the Atlantic coast. In Paris, Spanish ambassador Antonio del Giudice, Prince of Cellamare, organized the Cellamare conspiracy to overthrow the Duke of Orléans and install Philip V as regent of France, but the plot was unmasked and suppressed.^[131] Facing overwhelming military pressure, Philip dismissed Alberoni in December 1719 and adhered to the Treaty of The Hague in February 1720.^[127][130] Spain evacuated Sardinia and Sicily; in return, Elisabeth's eldest son, Infante Charles, was formally recognized as heir to the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany.^[127][130]

Abdication and the reign of Louis I

On 10 January 1724 at the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, Philip signed a formal decree abdicating the Spanish crown in favour of his eldest son, the seventeen-year-old Louis, Prince of Asturias.^{[132][133][134]} The decree was delivered on 15 January and published the following day, inaugurating the reign of Louis I.^[132] Philip and Elisabeth retired to La Granja, reserving a substantial annual pension and retaining ownership of the royal estate.^[133] The official text of the decree stated that the abdication was intended to allow Philip to serve God, heal his physical ailments, and contemplate his mortality free from the cares of state.^[135]

Historians have extensively debated the genuine motivations behind Philip's abdication.^{[132][135][136]} A prominent interpretation suggests that Philip sought to position himself for the French throne.^{[132][135][136]} The Duke of Orléans, regent of France, had died in December 1723, and King Louis XV suffered from precarious health; by abdicating the Spanish crown, Philip believed he could circumvent the Treaty of Utrecht's prohibition against personal union and claim the French crown as the senior living grandson of Louis XIV.^{[132][135][136]} Another widely supported interpretation emphasizes Philip's deteriorating psychological stability: severe clinical depression and religious melancholia had rendered him increasingly incapable of governing.^{[132][137][138][139]}

Louis I's reign was brief and politically divided.^[135][140] The young king was married to Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, a daughter of the French regent Philippe II, Duke of Orléans.^[141] Although a governing council was established in Madrid to advise the young monarch, Philip and Elisabeth maintained active oversight from La Granja, creating parallel courts.^{[135][140][142]} Louis I contracted smallpox in mid-August 1724 and died on 31 August, having reigned for only seven months and leaving no children.^{[143][144][145][146]}

The king's death created an immediate constitutional dilemma.^[140][144] The dynastic heir was Philip's ten-year-old second surviving son, Ferdinand.^{[143][144][146]} According to the traditional account, Philip refused outright to take the throne again because of his religious scruples.^[140][147] His confessor, Father Bermúdez, held that resuming a crown renounced with full solemnity was a mortal sin..^[144] His confessor, Father Bermúdez, convened a council of Jesuit theologians who concluded that Philip could not resume the crown in full sovereignty, though he might act as regent for Ferdinand.^[144] According to historian Pedro Voltes, Philip angrily rejected any compromise, wishing to be left in peace.^[144] To counter the theologians' opinion, Elisabeth Farnese pressed the Council of Castile to ask Philip to take back the crown.^[144] According to the traditional account, Philip accepted and returned to the throne with the support of the Council of Castile..^{[140][144][147]} On 6 September 1724, Philip resumed the throne, while Ferdinand was recognized as Prince of Asturias.^[140][144] Upon returning to power, Philip purged ministers who had attempted to emancipate Louis I from parental oversight or who had supported Ferdinand's immediate accession.^[148][149]

Foreign affairs of the second reign

The second reign began with a realignment of European alliances.^[150] In late 1724, Philip dispatched Johan Willem Ripperdá, a Dutch nobleman who had entered Spanish service, to Vienna to negotiate a comprehensive peace with Emperor Charles VI.^[150] Under the Treaty of Vienna, signed on 30 April 1725, Charles VI renounced all claims to the Spanish monarchy and recognized Philip V, while Philip renounced his claims to the former Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands.^[151] Charles VI agreed that Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany would pass to Infante Don Carlos upon the extinction of the Farnese male line, and granted commercial privileges to the Ostend East India Company in exchange for Austrian diplomatic support in recovering Gibraltar and Menorca.^[151] However, the prospect of an Austro-Spanish alliance and rumors of dynastic marriages between Spanish infantas and Austrian archduchesses prompted Britain, France, and Prussia to form the defensive League of Hanover in September 1725.^[152] Ripperdá was dismissed and imprisoned in May 1726; the decisive factor is thought to have been the emperor's refusal to allow his two daughters to marry the infantes Charles and Philip, and his unwillingness to go to war with Britain so that Philip could recover Gibraltar and Menorca..^[152]

Tensions with Great Britain over naval intercepts, colonial commerce, and Gibraltar erupted into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729.^[153] In January 1727, Spain repudiated Article 10 of the Treaty of Utrecht, alleging British violations in expanding the fortifications of the neutral ground.^[153] Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from February to June 1727, but the British naval squadron reinforced the garrison and prevented an assault.^[154] Under diplomatic pressure from France, the Papacy, and Austria, Philip signed the armistice and accepted the Convention of El Pardo in March 1728, reconfirming the Treaty of Utrecht.^[154] Subsequent tripartite negotiations culminated in the Treaty of Seville on 9 November 1729 between Spain, France, and Britain.^[155] In this treaty Philip finally obtained the throne of the duchies of Parma and Tuscany for his eldest son by Elisabeth, Infante Charles..^[127][155] When Duke Antonio Farnese died in 1731, an expeditionary fleet transported Charles to Italy to assume governance of Parma and Piacenza under the regency of his grandmother Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg.^[155] In June 1732, the Spanish fleet in the Mediterranean carried an army to North Africa, successfully recapturing the port city of Oran from the Ottoman Empire.^[155][156]

Under the direction of Chief Minister José Patiño, Spanish policy aligned firmly with France through the First Family Compact, signed at El Escorial on 7 November 1733 during the War of the Polish Succession.^[157] Spanish forces under Infante Charles campaigned in Italy, conquering the Kingdom of Naples from Austrian forces at the Battle of Bitonto in 1734 and subsequently taking Sicily.^[157] By the preliminary peace in 1735 and the definitive Treaty of Vienna in November 1738, Charles was internationally recognized as King of Naples and Sicily (as Charles VII), establishing a Bourbon secundogeniture, while Spain retroceded Parma and Piacenza to Austria and relinquished Tuscany to Francis Stephen of Lorraine.^[157][158] Commercial and diplomatic ties were broadened through treaties such as the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1742 with Christian VI of Denmark, which regulated navigation and trade until its revocation in 1753.

Simultaneous conflicts dominated the final years of Philip's reign.^[159][160] In October 1739, Great Britain declared war on Spain following recurring naval clashes in the Caribbean and long-standing disputes regarding British merchant smuggling and the Asiento privileges, initiating the War of Jenkins' Ear (known in Spain as the Guerra del Asiento).^[159] Spanish colonial fortifications successfully repulsed major British amphibious assaults, notably at Cartagena de Indias in 1741, preserving Spanish imperial sovereignty in the Americas.^[156] In 1740, the death of Emperor Charles VI triggered the War of the Austrian Succession.^[160] Philip and Elisabeth joined the anti-Austrian coalition, signing the Second Family Compact with Louis XV of France in the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 25 October 1743.^[160] On 1 May 1745, Spain, France, and Naples concluded the Treaty of Aranjuez with the Republic of Genoa, a military alliance to support Genoa against attacks by Sardinia and Austria during the War of the Austrian Succession.. Elisabeth intended her son Infante Philip to become ruler of Lombardy, and Spanish troops fought in Italy against Habsburg and Savoyard forces.. The war was ongoing when Philip died in 1746; its conclusion in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 confirmed Infante Philip as Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla.^[161]

Mental health, personality, and court life

Philip suffered throughout his life from severe manic-depressive illness, neurasthenia, and deep melancholia.^{[162][163][164][165]} His mood swings were characterized by prolonged episodes of apathy, withdrawal, and clinical depression interspersed with unpredictable hyperactive phases.^{[165][166][167]} During acute psychotic episodes, the king exhibited bizarre delusions: he believed he had lost his limbs, imagined he was already dead, and on one occasion believed he was a frog, hopping and croaking through the corridors of La Granja.^[165] He frequently feared he was being poisoned, refused to shave, bathe, or trim his hair and nails for months, and declined to change his clothing, requiring guards and attendants to monitor his chambers.^[165] He adopted an inverted nocturnal lifestyle, sleeping during the day and summoning ministers for council sessions late at night, an irregular schedule that Queen Elisabeth and their courtiers were forced to adopt.^[167][168]

The French ambassador, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon, observed that Philip possessed a strong sense of personal rectitude, an uncompromising religious orthodoxy, and an intense fear of the devil, which prevented him from indulging in conventional court vices.^[14][169] His main interests were religion, hunting and music..^[128][169] His nickname "the Spirited" (el Animoso) has traditionally been attributed to his spirit in battle during the war, but it was Vicente Bacallar who gave him the name, because of his constant changes of mood..^[170]

To alleviate the monarch's crippling depression, Queen Elisabeth arranged in August 1737 for the celebrated Italian castrato Carlo Broschi, known as Farinelli, to enter royal service.^{[13][171][172]} Farinelli was appointed "Músico de Cámara de Sus Majestades", receiving substantial privileges and an exceptional annual pension.^[171][173] For nearly a decade until Philip's death, Farinelli performed eight or nine arias every night in the royal bedchamber, typically accompanied by an instrumental trio, providing a therapeutic routine that consistently soothed the king's melancholic crises.^{[13][171][174]} Farinelli scrupulously avoided political intrigue, remaining a trusted artistic companion to the royal family.^[173]

Philip was also an enthusiastic builder and patron of architecture and the visual arts.^[13] He ordered the construction of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in the mountains of Segovia, designed in the classical French Baroque style reminiscent of Versailles, complete with elaborate gardens and fountains.^[175] Following the devastating fire that destroyed the Royal Alcázar of Madrid on Christmas Eve 1734, Philip commissioned the construction of the new Royal Palace of Madrid (Palacio Real), designed by Filippo Juvarra and Juan Bautista Sachetti.^[13] He significantly expanded the Royal Palace of Aranjuez and patronized French court painters such as Michel-Ange Houasse, Jean Ranc, and Louis-Michel van Loo, as well as Spanish painters such as Miguel Jacinto Meléndez.^[13][175]

Death and burial

In the final years of his life, Philip's physical health deteriorated sharply, compounded by severe psychological decline and eating difficulties.^{[176][177][178]} Contemporary portraits by Van Loo capture the monarch's exhaustion and premature aging.^[176][178] On the morning of 9 July 1746, having worked with his ministers through the night at the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid, Philip went to bed at 7:30 a.m..^[179] He awoke around midday, and at approximately 1:30 p.m. reported feeling severe nausea to Queen Elisabeth.^[179] Before the court physician could finish breakfast and attend to him, Philip suffered a fatal stroke (cerebrovascular attack) and apoplexy, his tongue swelling and his body collapsing onto the bed.^{[176][178][179]} The official time of death was recorded as 2:00 p.m..^[179] He was sixty-two years old, and his total reign of forty-five years, nine months, and eight days remains the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy.^[1]

A lying-in-state was established at the palace, where thousands of subjects viewed the royal body over three days.^[179][180] The king was shrouded in silver and gold cloth and decorated with the collars of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of the Holy Spirit; however, because he had refused bathing for extensive periods before his death, mortuary attendants avoided washing his fragile skin to prevent it from tearing away.^[179] Masses were celebrated across Madrid churches until 14 July, when the funeral procession conveyed the royal body to the Church of San Jerónimo and then onward to Segovia.^[180]

By his explicit testamentary instructions, Philip's remains were not deposited in the royal crypt of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, the traditional burial pantheon of the Habsburg monarchs.^[181][182] Having always preferred French aesthetic environments, Philip chose to be buried in the Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity at his beloved Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso.^{[180][181][182]} His remains rest in a white and black marble mausoleum in the Relics Room beside those of his second wife, Elisabeth Farnese.^[182] Philip was succeeded by Ferdinand VI, the only surviving son of his first marriage.^[180][181] About a week after his father's death, Ferdinand VI ordered his stepmother, the dowager queen Elisabeth Farnese, to leave the Buen Retiro Palace, and the following year she was banished from Madrid and her residence fixed at the palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso..

Marriages and issue

Philip V married Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) on 2 November 1701.^[40][183] They had four sons, of whom two survived to adulthood and became kings of Spain:^[184][185]

* Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724), who reigned briefly in 1724; married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, leaving no children.^[184] * Infante Philip (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709), who died in infancy. * Infante Philip Peter Gabriel (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719), who died in childhood.^[184] * Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759), who succeeded his father; married Barbara of Portugal, leaving no surviving children.^[184]

Following Maria Luisa's death, Philip married Elisabeth Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) on 24 December 1714.^[40][186] They had seven children, of whom six reached adulthood:^[124][186]

* Charles III of Spain (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788), Duke of Parma (1731–1735), King of Naples and Sicily (1735–1759), and King of Spain (1759–1788); married Maria Amalia of Saxony, with issue. * Infante Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717), who died in infancy.^[186] * Infanta Mariana Victoria (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781), betrothed to Louis XV in childhood but returned to Spain in 1725; married King Joseph I of Portugal, with issue. * Infante Philip (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765), who became Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla in 1748 and founded the House of Bourbon-Parma; married Louise Élisabeth of France, with issue. * Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746), who married Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV), and died in childbirth, leaving an infant daughter who died young. * Infante Louis, Count of Chinchón (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), known as the Cardinal Infante; created Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain, and Cardinal in 1735 at age eight; resigned his ecclesiastical offices in 1754 and contracted a morganatic marriage with María Teresa de Vallabriga, leaving issue excluded from royal status. * Infanta Maria Antonia Fernanda (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785), who married King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia, with issue.

Historiographical legacy and memory

Historians have generally been unsympathetic to Philip V's reign..^[187][188] Critics such as Lynch argue that Philip advanced the government only marginally over that of his predecessors, and that he usually favoured France when the interests of Spain and France conflicted.^{[187][188][189]} Stanley G. Payne characterized him as an erratic, vacillating ruler obsessed with external etiquette who lacked understanding of Spanish needs. Other historians emphasize that his administration laid the groundwork for eighteenth-century administrative modernisation by replacing unwieldy councils with efficient ministries, introducing the intendant system, reforming the army, and creating a formidable navy.^[189] His institutional centralisation culminated in the more extensive Enlightenment reforms of his son Charles III.^{[187][188][189]}

In regional memory, Philip remains a deeply controversial figure, especially in the territories of the Crown of Aragon.^[62][71] Historian Ricardo García Cárcel observed that the Bourbon victory represented the triumph of a "vertical Spain" (centralized, uniform, and dominated by Castile) over the "horizontal Spain" of federalist, compound-monarchy traditions upheld by the Habsburgs.^[190] The language policy begun under Philip, which made Castilian the language of public administration, contributed to a decline in the public use of Catalan.^[74][78] In Xàtiva, his portrait continues to be exhibited upside down in the Museum of L'Almodí as a public symbol of condemnation for the burning and renaming of the city in 1707.^[62] Conversely, in 1716, the Spanish colonial authorities in North America named the territory of the New Philippines (Nuevas Filipinas), encompassing portions of modern-day Texas, in honor of Philip V.^[191] The end of the war brought a new dynasty, the House of Bourbon, to the Spanish throne.^[71]

References

1. Lendoiro, Gema (10 April 2022). "Felipe V, el primer rey Borbón de la monarquía española: ¿bipolar o melancólico?" [Philip V, the first Bourbon king of the Spanish monarchy: bipolar or melancholic?]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2026.Cervera, César (19 February 2015). "La melancolía de «El Rey Loco»: Felipe V sufría un trastorno bipolar" [The Melancholy of "The Mad King": Philip V Suffered from Bipolar Disorder]. Diario ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2026.
2. The New International Encyclopædia. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1903. p. 14.
3. Payne 1973, p. 351-355.
4. Payne 1973, pp. 351–355. (Payne, Stanley G. (1973). A History of Spain and Portugal. Vol. 2. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.)
5. (es) « Todos los artículos sobre la vida y la biografía de Felipe V en National Geographic Historia », sur historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (consulté le 29 mai 2024)
6. Kamen 2001, p. 6. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
7. Registre des baptêmes (1683) de l'église Saint-Julien de Versailles, Archives départementales des Yvelines.
8. Registro de batismo (1683) da Igreja de Saint-Julien em Versalhes, Arquivo Departamental de Yvelines. Consultado em 4 de março de 2025.
9. Registre des baptêmes (1687) de l'église Notre-Dame de Versailles, Archives départementales des Yvelines.
10. Kamen, Henry. "Philip V of Spain:: The King who Reigned Twice", Published by Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08718-7
11. Cibelina, Marta (2021). Los Borbones y el sexo: De Felipe V a Felipe VI (PDF) (em espanhol). [S.l.]: ‎ La Esfera de los Libros ‎. p. 20
12. Vidal Sales, 1994, p. 16. (Vidal Sales, José-Antonio. Crónica íntima de los reyes de España (en castellà). Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1994. ISBN 84-08-01139-1.)
13. Felipe V | Real Academia de la Historia dbe.rah.es. Viitattu 24.7.2024.
14. Martín, 1998, p. 1624. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
15. García Cárcel, Ricardo. «Felipe V». Real Academia de la Historia, Historia Hispánica. Consultado el 26 de marzo de 2026.
16. Vidal Sales, 1994, p. 18. (Vidal Sales, José-Antonio. Crónica íntima de los reyes de España (en castellà). Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1994. ISBN 84-08-01139-1.)
17. Vidal Sales, 1994, p. 19. (Vidal Sales, José-Antonio. Crónica íntima de los reyes de España (en castellà). Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1994. ISBN 84-08-01139-1.)
18. González Cremona, 1998, p. 17. (González Cremona, Juan Manuel. Anecdotario real: de Felipe V a Alfonso XIII (en castellà). Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1998. ISBN 84-01-55019-9.)
19. Martín, 1998, p. 1625. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
20. Jules d' Argis, Étude sur la guerre de la succession d'Espagne: conférences de Verdun, Ch. Laurent, 1866 (lire en ligne)
21. Kamen, Henry. "Philip V of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice", Xuất bản bởi Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08718-7
22. Kamen 2001, p. 3. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
23. Kamen 2001, pp. 2–3. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
24. Durant, Will (1963). The Age of Louis XIV. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 699.
25. Durant, Will. „The Age of Louis XIV“, p.699. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1963.
26. Pericot García, 1983, p. 8, Luis XIV […] hizo la presentación solemne de su nieto Felipe en esta forma: «Señores, aquí tenéis al rey de España. Su origen y su linaje le llaman al Trono, y el difunto rey así lo ha testado; toda la nación lo quiere y me lo suplica; ésta es la voluntad del cielo y yo la cumplo gustoso». Y dirigiéndose al duque de Anjou, le dijo: «Sé buen español, ése es tu primer deber; pero acuérdate de que has nacido francés, y mantén la unión entre las dos naciones: tal es el camino de hacerlas felices y conservar la paz de Europa.». (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
27. « Versailles & l'Espagne », sur Château de Versailles, 26 février 2021 (consulté le 7 mars 2024)
28. Były to fortece w hiszpańskich Niderlandach, które miały stanowić strefę buforową między Francją a Republiką Zjednoczonych Prowincji.
29. Carlos II
30. duc de Saint-Simon Louis de Rouvroy, Mémoires du duc de Saint-Simon, t. 3, Hachette, 1856 (lire en ligne), p. 33–52
31. "Carlos II". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 29 de marzo de 2010. Consultado o 02 de xuño de 2010.
32. Pericot García, 1983, p. 8. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
33. Suárez Fernández, 1984, p. 340. (Suárez Fernández, Luis. Historia general de España y América (en castellà). Ediciones Rialp, 1984. ISBN 8432121061 [Consulta: 28 maig 2016].)
34. García-Badell Arias, 2008, p. 51. (García-Badell Arias, Luis María «Los primeros pasos de Felipe V en España: Los deseos, los recelos y las primeras tensiones». Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho, 15, 2008, p. 45-127. Arxivat de l'original el 2011-05-20. ISSN: 1133-7613 [Consulta: 4 abril 2011].)
35. Riera i Fortiana, 1993, p. 488. (Riera i Fortiana, Enric «Les institucions catalanes i Felip V durant la seva estada a Catalunya (1701-1702)». Pedralbes: revista d'història moderna, 13 (2), 1993.)
36. Riera i Fortiana, 1993, p. 489. (Riera i Fortiana, Enric «Les institucions catalanes i Felip V durant la seva estada a Catalunya (1701-1702)». Pedralbes: revista d'història moderna, 13 (2), 1993.)
37. Riera i Fortiana, 1993, p. 490. (Riera i Fortiana, Enric «Les institucions catalanes i Felip V durant la seva estada a Catalunya (1701-1702)». Pedralbes: revista d'història moderna, 13 (2), 1993.)
38. Kamen 2001, p. 11. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
39. Philippe Erlanger, « Philippe V d'Espagne : un roi baroque, esclave des femmes », Paris, Perrin, 1978, 408 p. (ISBN 2-262-00117-0)
40. Pericot García, 1983, p. 63. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
41. Kamen 2001, p. 94. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
42. Martín, 1998, p. 1650. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
43. Albareda i Salvadó, 2007, p. 130. (Albareda i Salvadó, Joaquim «La represa del constitucionalisme (1701-1706)». Revista de Dret Històric Català, 7, 2007. ISSN: 2014-0010.)
44. Zavala, 2007, p. 49. (Zavala, José María. La maldición de los Borbones. De la locura de Felipe V a la encrucijada de Felipe VI. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 2007. ISBN 978-84-01-37969-7.)
45. Zavala, 2007, p. 49, El sexo todo lo anulaba en él. Fue el marido más asiduo, más marido que se haya visto nunca, encarnizado, implacable de exigencia amorosa […] Su primera mujer, enferma de muerte, perdida de humores fríos, disuelta y cubierta de llagas, no tuvo tregua ni un solo día.. (Zavala, José María. La maldición de los Borbones. De la locura de Felipe V a la encrucijada de Felipe VI. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 2007. ISBN 978-84-01-37969-7.)
46. Luis I de España | Real Academia de la Historia dbe.rah.es. Viitattu 26.7.2024.
47. "Letters Patent to Felipe V of Spain". 10 November 2018.
48. Catherine Désos, « Chapitre 1. L’Espagne de 1701 offre-t-elle un terreau favorable à une implantation française ? », dans Les Français de Philippe V : Un modèle nouveau pour gouverner l'Espagne (1700-1724), Presses universitaires de Strasbourg, coll. « Sciences de l’histoire », 2009, 21–57 p. (ISBN 979-10-344-0425-4, lire en ligne)
49. [réf. nécessaire]En droit français de l'époque, la couronne n'appartient pas à la personne du roi, elle est au-dessus de la personne royale ; en conséquence de quoi Philippe V n'avait pas le droit de renoncer à la couronne si celle-ci devait lui échoir, et il était en théorie obligé de l'accepter. En pratique il y renoncera en 1712, car c'était une condition sine qua non des négociations de paix imposées par la Grande-Bretagne après onze années de guerre. La renonciation de Philippe V, discutable d'un point de vue juridique mais enregistrée dans les traités d'Utrecht, est l'une des pierres d'achoppement dans la querelle entre orléanisme et légitimisme.[réf. nécessaire]
50. Wolf, John B. (1962). The Emergence of the Great Powers: 1685–1715.
51. Martín, 1998, p. 1627. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
52. Martín, 1998, p. 1636. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
53. Ludwik XIV wielokrotnie był gotów zrzec się praw wnuka do hiszpańskiej korony w zamian za koncesje terytorialne na rzecz Francji. W 1708 r. zażądano nawet od niego, aby siłą usunął Filipa z tronu. Na takie upokorzenie stary król się nie zgodził. Sam Filip natomiast oświadczył w 1710 r., że o tron hiszpański gotowy jest walczyć aż do śmierci.
54. Kamen 2001, pp. 43–46. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
55. León Sanz, 2013, p. 15. (León Sanz, Virginia «Utrecht, 1713. Una paz posible para Europa» (en castellà). Cuadernos de Historia Moderna, XII, 2013. ISSN: 1988-2475.)
56. Matthew White. "Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
57. Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century, Matthew White
58. Martín, 1998, p. 1630. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
59. Suárez Fernández, 1984, p. 248. (Suárez Fernández, Luis. Historia general de España y América (en castellà). Ediciones Rialp, 1984. ISBN 8432121061 [Consulta: 28 maig 2016].)
60. Martín, 1998, p. 1641. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
61. Martín, 1998, p. 1640. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
62. Harris, Mary N., Sights and insights: interactive images of Europe and the wider world, (Pisa University Press, 1990), 203."XÀTIVA – Museo de l'Almodí". Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
63. Suárez Fernández, 1984, p. 240. (Suárez Fernández, Luis. Historia general de España y América (en castellà). Ediciones Rialp, 1984. ISBN 8432121061 [Consulta: 28 maig 2016].)
64. Martín, 1998, p. 1642. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
65. Pericot García, 1983, p. 28. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
66. John A. Lynn: The Wars of Louis XIV 1667–1714. 2. Aufl. Longman, London 2002, ISBN 0-582-05628-4, S. 350f.
67. Bromley, J. S., ed. (1970). The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 6: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25. Chapters 13–14
68. González Enciso, 2003, p. 36. (González Enciso, Agustín. Felipe V: la renovación de España (en castellà). Pamplona: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2003. ISBN 84-313-2067-2.)
69. Suárez Fernández, 1984, p. 272. (Suárez Fernández, Luis. Historia general de España y América (en castellà). Ediciones Rialp, 1984. ISBN 8432121061 [Consulta: 28 maig 2016].)
70. Martín, 1998, p. 1644. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
71. Albareda Salvadó 2010, 485 or. . (Albareda Salvadó, Joaquim. (2010). La Guerra de Sucesión de España (1700-1714). (1. ed. argitaraldia) Crítica editorial ISBN 978-84-9892-060-4. PMC 549147910. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
72. de Montagut Estragués, Tomàs; Maluquer de Motes, Carlos J. Història del dret espanyol. Barcelona: Editorial UOC, 1997, p. 173. ISBN 978-84-922767-1-4. «[…] proclamava que li corresponia el domini absolut d'aquests regnes com a successor legítim, però sobretot per dret de conquesta que havia adquirit amb la victòria militar. […] El dret de conquesta, basat en el pretext de la rebel·lió, i que era el mateix dret utilitzat per a la incorporació de Granada i de les Índies, farà descansar el domini absolut i la sobirania en una pura imposició militar.»
73. Riquer i Permanyer, 2005, Pàg. 190: "Es tractava d'un text duríssim que fonamentava les disposicions en el delicte de rebel·lió comès pels regnes i tots els seus habitants, i en el dret de conquesta".
74. d'Armengol, Antoni. «Quins van ser els efectes reals del Decret de Nova Planta». 324.cat, 10-09-2022. Arxivat de l'original el 11/05/2025. [Consulta: 11 maig 2025]. «en l'article 3 especifica --sense haver parlat encara de la seva supressió -- que l'Audiència es reunirà on abans ho feia la Diputació del General, i en el 5 introdueix el castellà com la llengua de l'administració de justícia per primera vegada a la història»
75. de Montagut Estragués, 1997, Pàg. 174: La raó final d'aquesta imposició era la voluntat de reduir tots els regnes d'Espanya a la uniformitat […] d'un mateix ordenament jurídic, que no seria nou, sinó el de Castella expansionat..
76. Riquer i Permanyer, 2005, Pàg. 191: "el monarca es proposava uniformitzar tots els regnes d'Espanya governant-los per les lleis castellanes, les quals considerava “tan loables y plausibles en todo el universo”. Per tant, els regnes que acabaven de ser conquerits havien de ser governats com els de la Corona de Castella “sin la menor diferencia en nada”".
77. González Enciso, 2003, p. 37. (González Enciso, Agustín. Felipe V: la renovación de España (en castellà). Pamplona: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2003. ISBN 84-313-2067-2.)
78. (Gaztelaniaz) Mestre, Antonio. (2006). Fénix de España: modernidad y cultura propia en la España del Siglo XVIII (1737-1766). Marcial Pons Historia ISBN 978-84-96467-26-2. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-16).
79. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 208 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
80. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 209 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
81. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 205-206 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
82. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 202-205 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
83. Damien Dos Santos Davim, « Napoléon III et la question espagnole », sur Cairn.info, 18 novembre 2024 (consulté le 25 avril 2025)
84. Albareda Salvadó 2010, 441 or. . (Albareda Salvadó, Joaquim. (2010). La Guerra de Sucesión de España (1700-1714). (1. ed. argitaraldia) Crítica editorial ISBN 978-84-9892-060-4. PMC 549147910. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
85. Ballbé, Neus. «“sin que se note el cuydado”. Sobre la uniformización lingüística. Catalunya, 1768» (en castellà). Conversación sobre historia, 09-06-2019. Arxivat de l'original el 04/10/2023. [Consulta: 11 maig 2025].
86. del Valle, José; Amorós Negre, Carla. «9. Fragmentos del Consejo de Castilla, Decretos de Nueva Planta y Reales Cédulas (1707-1716 y 1768-1770)». A: Autorretrato de un Idioma: Crestomatía Glotopolítica Del Español (en castellà). Madrid: Lengua de Trapo, Ediciones, 2021. ISBN 978-84-8381-260-0.
87. Riquer i Permanyer, Borja; Albareda i Salvadó, Joaquim; Carbonell i Curell, Anna; Abad i Carilla, Montserrat; Prats, Modest. «El temps de la Il·lustració». A: Enciclopèdia Catalana. Desfeta política i embranzida econòmica, segle XVIII. Volum 5. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2005, p. 324-326 (Història, política, societat i cultura dels Països Catalans). ISBN 8441224838. «José Rodrigo Villalpando redactava l'informe per a una Instrucció secreta als corregidors on es deia: “Lo sexto se podría prevenir el cuidado de introducir la lengua castellana en aquél País. La importancia de hacer uniforme la lengua se ha reconocido siempre por grande y es un señal de la dominación o superioridad de los Príncipes o naciones, ya sea porque la dependencia o adulación quieren complacer o lisonjear, afectando otra naturaleza con la semejanza del idioma, o ya sea porque la sujeción obliga con la fuerza. Los efectos que de esta uniformidad se siguen son muy beneficiosos, porque se facilita la comunicación y el comercio, se unen los espíritus divididos o contrarios por los genios y se entienden y obedecen mejor las Leyes y Ordenes. Pero como a cada nación parece que señaló la naturaleza su idioma particular, tiene en esto mucho que vencer el arte y se necesita de algún tiempo para lograrlo, y más cuando el genio de la Nación como el de los catalanes es tenaz, altivo y amante de las cosas de su País, y por esto parece conveniente dar sobre esto instrucciones y providencias muy templadas y disimuladas, de manera que se consiga el efecto sin que se note el cuidado.” El mes de maig de 1716 s'aprovava la Instrucción secreta a los corregidores, que resumia molt bé l'informe del fiscal.»
88. Ferrando i Francés, 2011, Pàg. 282.
89. Crespo, Martí. «Tres segles dels decrets de nova planta borbònics». Vilaweb, 15-01-2016. Arxivat de l'original el 19/04/2025. [Consulta: 11 maig 2025].
90. Ruiz Torres 2008, 236 or. . (Ruiz Torres, Pedro. (2008). Historia de España. Crítica ISBN 978-84-8432-917-6. PMC 180188063. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
91. Mestre & Pérez García 2004, 410 or. . (Mestre, Antonio; Pérez García, Pablo. (2004). La cultura española en la edad moderna. Istmo ISBN 84-7090-444-2. PMC 55144892. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
92. Mestre & Pérez García 2004, 411-412 or. . (Mestre, Antonio; Pérez García, Pablo. (2004). La cultura española en la edad moderna. Istmo ISBN 84-7090-444-2. PMC 55144892. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
93. Mestre & Pérez García 2004. (Mestre, Antonio; Pérez García, Pablo. (2004). La cultura española en la edad moderna. Istmo ISBN 84-7090-444-2. PMC 55144892. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
94. Présentation historique sur le site officiel de la RAE Orígenes y fines de la RAE « Copie archivée » (version du 29 septembre 2010 sur archive.org).
95. Lázaro, Blanca Urgell. (2001). «El Diccionario de Autoridades de la Academia Española y el Diccionario Trilingüe del Castellano, Bascuence y Latín (1745) del P. Larramendi» Actas del II Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Historiografía Lingüística: León, 2-5 de marzo de 1999, 2001, ISBN 84-7635-456-8, págs. 907-918 (Arco Libros): 907–918. ISBN 978-84-7635-456-8. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-17).
96. Mestre & Pérez García 2004, 412 or. . (Mestre, Antonio; Pérez García, Pablo. (2004). La cultura española en la edad moderna. Istmo ISBN 84-7090-444-2. PMC 55144892. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
97. Ruiz Torres 2008. (Ruiz Torres, Pedro. (2008). Historia de España. Crítica ISBN 978-84-8432-917-6. PMC 180188063. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
98. Hamilton, Earl J. (1943). "Money and Economic Recovery in Spain under the First Bourbon, 1701–1746". The Journal of Modern History. 15 (3): 192–206. doi:10.1086/236742. JSTOR 1871302. S2CID 155025535.
99. García-Badell Arias, 2008, p. 50. (García-Badell Arias, Luis María «Los primeros pasos de Felipe V en España: Los deseos, los recelos y las primeras tensiones». Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho, 15, 2008, p. 45-127. Arxivat de l'original el 2011-05-20. ISSN: 1133-7613 [Consulta: 4 abril 2011].)
100. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 199-201 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
101. Garmendia, Lander Muñagorri. «Ahaldun nagusia ere hil zuen matxinada» Berria (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18).
102. 関、P382 - 390。
103. Cuban Studies Institute: Real Compañía de Comercio de La Habana. In: Cuban Studies Institute. 11. März 2020, abgerufen am 6. Februar 2023 (amerikanisches Englisch).
104. Lynch 1989, pp. 109–113. (Lynch, John (1989). Bourbon Spain 1700–1808.)
105. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 212-213 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
106. De Paz Sánchez, Manuel; García Pulido, Daniel (2015). El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678–1747). Documentos para la Historia de Canarias. Francisco Javier Macías Martín (ed.). Canarias: Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. ISBN 978-84-7947-637-3. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
107. El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747)
108. Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, I. Héroe y forrajido. Ediciones Idea. 2017. p. 520. ISBN 978-8416759811. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
109. Fariña González, Manuel. "La evolución de una fortuna indiana: D. Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (Amaro Pargo)". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
110. Fariña González, Manuel. La evolución de una fortuna indiana: D. Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (Amaro Pargo).. Archivado desde el original el 4 de marzo de 2016. Consultado el 10 de junio de 2016.
111. Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, I. Héroe y forrajido. Ediciones Idea. Noviembre de 2017. p. 520. ISBN 978-8416759811. Consultado el 20 de marzo de 2018.
112. Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, I. Héroe y forajido
113. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, p. 506. «La derrota del ejército francés en el norte de Italia permitió a los austríacos llegar a Roma, que fue sitiada. El papa Clemente XI, acosado por el embajador imperial, marqués de Prié, cedió a la firma de dos tratados el 15 de enero de 1709. El primero, militar, apenas tenía trascendencia para España. En cambio, el segundo de carácter político, entrañaba el reconocimiento del archiduque como rey en abstracto, pero sentaba las bases para una posterior aceptación como rey católico de España»
114. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, pp. 506-507.
115. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, pp. 507-508.
116. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, p. 509.
117. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, p. 510.
118. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, pp. 510-512.
119. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, p. 511.
120. Mestre y Pérez García, 2004, pp. 512-514.
121. Pericot García, 1983, p. 39. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
122. Kamen 2001, pp. 94–95. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
123. Kamen 2001, p. 94–95.
124. Pericot García, 1983, p. 64. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
125. Pericot García, 1983, p. 40. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
126. Crespo Solano, Ana. «A Change of Ideology in Imperial Spain?». A: Rommelse, Gijs; Onnekink, David. Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750) (en anglès). Routledge, 2011, p. 237-238. ISBN 978-1409419136.
127. Appelée ainsi en raison de la coalition anti-espagnole composée de la France, de la Grande-Bretagne, des Provinces-Unies et du Saint-Empire romain germanique.
128. Philip V | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica www.britannica.com. 5.7.2024. Viitattu 24.7.2024. (englanniksi)
129. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 217 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
130. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 218 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
131. Alfred Baudrillart, Felipe V y la corte de Francia: Felipe V y Luis XIV, v.1 p.523 (castellà)
132. Floristán, Alfredo: Edad Moderna. Historia de España.
133. Martín, 1998, p. 1676. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
134. Voir infra, « L'intermède de Louis Ier (1724) ».
135. Pericot García, 1983, p. 45. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
136. "The Abdication of the throne of Spain by Felipe V (1724)".
137. Williams, E.N. The Penguin Dictionary of English and European History. p. 358.
138. Voltes, 1998, p. 27.
139. p358, E.N. Williams, The Penguin Dictionary of English and European History
140. Pericot García, 1983, p. 46. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
141. Réimpression de l'ancien Moniteur, seule histoire authentique et inaltérée
142. Voltes, 1998, p. 25.
143. Payne 1973, p. 358. (Payne, Stanley G. (1973). A History of Spain and Portugal. Vol. 2. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.)
144. Voltes, 1998, pp. 26-30.
145. Martín, 1998, p. 1680. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
146. Payne 1973, p. 358.
147. Martín, 1998, p. 1682. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
148. Martín, 1998, p. 1679. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
149. Pericot García, 1983, p. 66. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
150. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 219-220 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
151. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 466-467 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
152. Albareda Salvadó 2010, 461-462; 467-470 or. . (Albareda Salvadó, Joaquim. (2010). La Guerra de Sucesión de España (1700-1714). (1. ed. argitaraldia) Crítica editorial ISBN 978-84-9892-060-4. PMC 549147910. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
153. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 221 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
154. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 222 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
155. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 222-223 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
156. Kamen 2001, pp. 209–214. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
157. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 225-227 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
158. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 228-229 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
159. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 230-231 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
160. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 232-235 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
161. Capel Martínez & Cepeda Gómez 2006, 236 or. . (Capel Martínez, Rosa María; Cepeda Gómez, José. (2006). El siglo de la luces: política y sociedad. Editorial Síntesis ISBN 84-9756-414-6. PMC 190532427. (kontsulta data: 2021-12-18))
162. "Joan's Mad Monarchs Series". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
163. Pigrau Santpere, 2009, p. 500. (Pigrau Santpere, M. Rosa «Felip V: indicis per elaborar una anàlisi psiquiàtrica». Pedralbes: revista d'història moderna, 29, 2009, p. 491-500.)
164. Martín, 1998, p. 1558. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
165. Fernández1, Francisco Alonso (2020). Felipe V. El rey fantasma (digital) (em espanhol). [S.l.]: Editorial Almuzara. ISBN 9788418578687
166. Pericot García, 1983, p. 38. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
167. Herr, Richard: The Reigns in Spain. A biography of the founder of the Bourbon dynasty offers a new view archive.nytimes.com The New York Times. 1.7.2001. Kirja-arvostelu teoksesta: Kamen, Henry: PHILIP V OF SPAIN. The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven: Yale University Press 1966. Viitattu 25.7.2024.
168. 西川、P71 - P88、P101 - P105、長谷川、P161 - P162。
169. Velasco, Carmen. «Felipe V regresa en un grabado inédito», lasprovincias.es, 28 de junho de 2011. Consultado em 14 de agosto de 2011.
170. García Cárcel, Ricardo. Felipe V y los españoles: una visión periférica del problema de España (en castellà). Plaza & Janés, 2002, p. 73.
171. Kamen 2001, p. 201. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
172. González Cremona, 1998, p. 19. (González Cremona, Juan Manuel. Anecdotario real: de Felipe V a Alfonso XIII (en castellà). Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1998. ISBN 84-01-55019-9.)
173. Martín, 1998, p. 1721. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
174. Zavala, 2007, p. 53. (Zavala, José María. La maldición de los Borbones. De la locura de Felipe V a la encrucijada de Felipe VI. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 2007. ISBN 978-84-01-37969-7.)
175. Llaguno, Eugenio d]. Noticias de los arquitectos y arquitectura de España desde su Restauración. Tomo IV, p. 110-14. Imprenta Real, 1829. In Google Books. Consultado em 3 de janeiro de 2018.
176. Página web oficial
177. Página web oficial
178. Martín, 1998, p. 1712. (Martín, Ricardo (dir.); d. a.. Historia de España, 9. Del reinado de Felipe V a las reformaciones de Carlos III (en castellà). Barcelona: Salvat, 1998. ISBN 84-345-9922-8.)
179. Kamen, 2000, p. 260. (Kamen, Henry. Felipe V. El rey que reinó dos veces (en castellà). Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy, 2000. ISBN 84-7880-847-7.)
180. Kamen, 2000, p. 261. (Kamen, Henry. Felipe V. El rey que reinó dos veces (en castellà). Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy, 2000. ISBN 84-7880-847-7.)
181. Kamen 2001, p. 217. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
182. Pericot García, 1983, p. 62. (Pericot García, Luis (dir.); Ulloa Cisneros, Luis;Camps Cazorla, Emilio. Historia de España. Gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos. La Casa de Borbón (Siglos XVIII a XX) (en castellà). Barcelona: Océano & Instituto Gallach, 1983. ISBN 84-7505-725-X.)
183. Kamen 2001, p. 12.
184. Kamen 2001, p. 12. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
185. Voir également le tableau La Famille de Philippe V d'Espagne, peint par Jean Ranc en 1723, représentant l'infant Ferdinand ; Philippe V ; Louis, prince des Asturies ; l'infante Marie-Anne-Victoire ; la reine Élisabeth Farnèse ; un portrait de la reine défunte Marie-Louise de Savoie ; l'infant Charles.
186. Kamen 2001, p. 95. (Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.)
187. Lynch 1989, p. 67–115.
188. Lynch (1989) tr 67- 115
189. Lynch 1989, pp. 67–115. (Lynch, John (1989). Bourbon Spain 1700–1808.)
190. García Cárcel 2002, 114; 9 or. .
191. Guadalupe Curiel Defossé (2007). "The Relación geográfica e histórica de la provincia de Texas o Nuevas Filipinas: 1673–1779. A Manuscript from the Franciscan Archive of the National Library" [The Relación geográfica e histórica de la provincia de Texas o Nuevas Filipinas: 1673–1779. A Manuscript from the Franciscan Archive of the National Library]. Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas (in Spanish). XII, New Epoch (1–2). Footnote 6: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: 35. Retrieved 30 August 2021. renombrada Nuevas Filipinas en el XVIII, en honor del monarca español Felipe V