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Princess Alice of Battenberg

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Contents
  1. (Top)
  2. Early Life and Family Background
  3. Deafness and Education
  4. Courtship and Marriage
  5. Early Years in Greece
  6. Balkan Wars and World War I
  7. Swiss Exile and Dynastic Upheaval
  8. Restoration and the Trial of the Six
  9. Exile in France and Political Schemes
  10. Religious Conversion and Psychiatric Crisis
  11. Wandering Years and Family Reconciliation
  12. Resettlement in Athens
  13. World War II and the Axis Occupation
  14. Sheltering the Cohen Family
  15. Liberation and Civil Conflict
  16. Post-War Years and Royal Weddings
  17. The Christian Sisterhood of Martha and Mary
  18. Royal Duties and Travels in the 1950s and 1960s
  19. Final Exile and Life at Buckingham Palace
  20. Burial and Transfer to Jerusalem
  21. Posthumous Honours and Legacy
  22. References
Princess Alice of Battenberg
Princess Alice of Battenberg
Born25 February 1885, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
Died5 December 1969, Buckingham Palace, London, England
SpousePrince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
HouseHouse of Battenberg
FatherPrince Louis of Battenberg
MotherPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
BurialChurch of Mary Magdalene, Gethsemane, Jerusalem
ReligionLutheran, Anglican, Greek Orthodox

Princess Alice of Battenberg (25 February 1885 – 5 December 1969) was a German princess by birth and, by marriage, Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark. Congenitally deaf, she mastered lip-reading in multiple languages. She endured two royal exiles, was institutionalised with schizophrenia in 1930, and later established an Orthodox nursing sisterhood. During World War II, she sheltered Jewish refugees in Athens, earning recognition as Righteous Among the Nations. She was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and paternal grandmother of King Charles III.

Early Life and Family Background

Princess Alice was born at 4:40 pm on 25 February 1885 in the Tapestry Room at Windsor Castle in Berkshire, in the presence of her maternal great-grandmother, Queen Victoria.[1][2][3][4] She was the eldest child of Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. Her mother was the eldest daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria's second daughter. Her father was the eldest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine through his morganatic marriage to Countess Julia Hauke, who had been created Princess of Battenberg in 1858 by Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse.[1] Alice's three younger siblings were Louise, who later became Queen of Sweden; George, later the 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven; and Louis, later Earl Mountbatten of Burma.[1][5][6][7]

She was christened Victoria Alice Elizabeth Julia Marie in Darmstadt on 25 April 1885.[8][9] Her six godparents were her three surviving grandparents, Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse, Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine, and Julia, Princess of Battenberg; her maternal aunt Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia; her paternal aunt Princess Marie of Erbach-Schönberg; and Queen Victoria.[8][9] Alice grew up in a close-knit household that divided its time between Darmstadt, London, Jugenheim, and Malta, where her naval officer father was stationed.[10][11][12][13][14] The family inherited Schloss Heiligenberg in Jugenheim in 1888.[13] She also made frequent visits to relatives across Europe, including stays in Schleswig-Holstein with her aunt Princess Irene, visits to the French Riviera with Queen Victoria, and journeys to the Russian Empire to visit her aunt, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.[4][15][16][17]

Alice shared a particularly close relationship with her paternal grandmother, Julia Hauke, as well as with Queen Victoria, who took a profound personal interest in her upbringing.[18][19] Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna also had a strong spiritual influence on Alice from an early age, while her uncle Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, was an important presence throughout her youth.[20][21] Demonstrating a strong character as a young child, she once retaliated by striking Queen Victoria's hand after the Queen had slapped hers for refusing to offer a proper greeting, an incident that prompted a burst of anger from the monarch.[4][22][23]

Alice's grandfather Prince Alexander of Battenberg died in 1888, Grand Duke Louis IV died of a stroke in 1892, and her grandmother Julia passed away in 1895.[24][25][26] Alice was deeply involved in royal family events in Britain. In 1887 she attended Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, and in 1893 she served as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince George, Duke of York, and Princess Mary of Teck.[27][28] She participated in Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, and in early 1901, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, she attended Queen Victoria's funeral at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle.[29][30][31] Soon afterward, on 9 April 1901, she was confirmed in the Anglican faith at a church in Seeheim-Jugenheim.[30][32]

Deafness and Education

In 1887, Alice's mother noticed that the child was slow in learning to talk and displayed an indistinct, defective pronunciation.[33] Eventually, her grandmother Julia, Princess of Battenberg, identified that Alice had a hearing impairment and took her to an ear specialist, who diagnosed her with congenital deafness caused by an abnormal narrowing of the Eustachian tubes.[34][35] With constant encouragement and patient assistance from her mother, who spent long hours working with her, Alice learned to lip-read and speak English and German.[34][36] Over time, her hearing improved only slightly, leaving her able to detect only scattered, sharp noises such as the call of a cuckoo clock or the marching boots of soldiers in a courtyard.[36]

Alice's education was initially overseen by her mother, who taught her to read and write in both English and German.[37] At the age of seven, she was placed under the guidance of a private governess, Miss Robson.[38] Beginning in 1898, her schooling was supplemented by Fräulein Textor, the director of a finishing school, who introduced her to the theater.[39][40] Alice also studied French under private tutors, and later learned modern Greek following her engagement.[41][42][43][44] In the period leading up to her marriage, she took lessons in English literature, music history, and piano from specialized private instructors.[42]

Courtship and Marriage

In June 1902, while visiting London for the coronation celebrations of her great-uncle King Edward VII, Alice met Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia.[45][46][47] Known as Andrea within his family, the twenty-year-old prince captivated the seventeen-year-old Alice; decades later, she recounted to her grandson Charles that Andrew had looked to her like a true Greek god.[4][46] Although the coronation was postponed until August because of the King's appendicitis, the young couple met again during the rescheduled festivities and secretly pledged themselves to one another.[48][49] Alice's parents initially hesitated, feeling that she was too young to marry.[48]

Following a ten-month correspondence, Alice and Andrew reunited in London in May 1903, and their engagement was officially announced on 10 May with the approval of King Edward VII.[42][49] Neither had a large personal fortune, which caused some surprise in European high society.[50] On 19 June 1903, Andrew left for Darmstadt, having been granted permission by his father to serve for a period with the Hessian 23rd Dragoon Regiment, allowing the couple to see each other repeatedly over the summer.[4][51][52][53]

Alice and Andrew were married in Darmstadt in three separate ceremonies on 6 and 7 October 1903. The civil ceremony took place on 6 October at the Altes Palais on the Luisenplatz.[54][55][56] On 7 October, a Lutheran service was held in the Evangelical Castle Church, followed by an Orthodox ceremony at the Russian Chapel on the Mathildenhöhe.[54][56][57] For the Orthodox service, valuable imperial wedding crowns from the reign of Catherine II were brought from Russia and held over the heads of the bride and groom.[56][58] The wedding brought together many descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX of Denmark, including Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse, King George I and Queen Olga of Greece, Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra of Russia, and Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom.[12][54][56] Upon her marriage, Alice assumed the style of Her Royal Highness Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark.[59]

Alice and Andrew had five children, four daughters and a son: Margarita, born on 18 April 1905; Theodora, born on 30 May 1906; Cecilie, born on 22 June 1911; Sophie, born on 26 June 1914; and Philip, born on 10 June 1921.[60][61][62][63][64] All five children reached adulthood, married, and had children.[65]

Early Years in Greece

After several months in Hesse where Andrew completed his dragoon service, the couple arrived in Greece on 6 January 1904, receiving an enthusiastic public welcome at Piraeus and Athens.[66][67] They settled into the royal palace in Athens alongside King George I, Queen Olga, and Andrew's younger brother Prince Christopher.[68] While Andrew continued his army career, Alice took up charitable activities and founded a school of traditional embroidery in Athens designed to offer employment and financial independence to underprivileged women and girls.[69][70][71][72] The couple's two eldest daughters, Margarita and Theodora, were born in Athens in 1905 and 1906, respectively.[61][62]

Political conditions in Greece soon grew volatile. By 1907, the Greek press began regularly attacking the princes of the royal family, portraying them as idle parasites living off public revenues.[73] To escape the hostile atmosphere, the couple traveled frequently. In the summer of 1907 they visited London for festivities hosted by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, and in March 1908 Alice took her daughters to Malta to see her parents.[74][75] From April to August 1908, Alice and Andrew visited Russia, Sweden, and Denmark for the wedding of Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia and Prince William of Sweden.[76] In Russia, Alice spent substantial time with her aunt Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, who was planning to establish a religious order of nursing sisters. Alice was present for the laying of the foundation stone of Elizabeth's new convent and watched as her aunt gave away her worldly possessions in pursuit of a spiritual life.[77][78] On their journey back to Athens, Sultan Abdul Hamid II refused to receive the couple during their stop in Constantinople.[79]

Upon their return to Athens, political agitation had intensified due to the Greek government's refusal to recognize the union of Crete with the Greek kingdom, despite the Cretan assembly's proclamation.[80][81] In May 1909, dissatisfied army officers formed the nationalist Military League, which staged the Goudi coup on 28 August 1909.[81][82] The League demanded political reform and pressured the government to remove members of the royal family from their military commands.[83] To spare his father the humiliation of dismissing his own sons, Prince Andrew resigned his commission alongside his brothers in September 1909, paving the way for Eleftherios Venizelos to become prime minister.[80][83][84]

Deprived of his military career, Andrew withdrew from public life, refusing to appear at official ceremonies in civilian dress.[85][86] Following an extensive fire that destroyed parts of the royal palace in Athens on 6 January 1910, the royal family relocated temporarily.[87] In April 1910, Alice and her family stayed at Mon Repos on Corfu, where they were visited by Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, before traveling to Britain in May to attend the funeral of King Edward VII.[88] Although Venizelos attempted to reconcile the monarchy with the public by urging the princes to engage more openly in civic life, Andrew and his brothers remained aloof from ceremonial duties.[89][90] Alice gave birth to their third daughter, Cecilie, in June 1911, and the family subsequently traveled through Germany and Italy.[91]

Balkan Wars and World War I

The outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912 saw Prince Andrew and his brothers reinstated in the Hellenic Armed Forces, with Andrew serving as a lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Cavalry Regiment.[92][93] Alice mobilized her embroidery school to manufacture uniforms and clothing for mobilised troops, and volunteered as a field nurse.[94][95][96] She set up and managed field hospitals at Larissa, Elassona, Servia, and Kozani, assisting surgeons during operations.[12][97] On 11 November 1912, Alice accompanied King George I on his entry into Thessaloniki, which Greek forces had just taken.[98] Her selfless conduct won praise across European royal circles and from Prime Minister Venizelos, though it aroused the jealousy of Crown Princess Sophia, who felt Alice was eclipsing her own status.[99][100][101] Undeterred, Alice resumed medical duties in Epirus, witnessing the fall of Ioannina.[102]

The triumph of the First Balkan War was darkened by the assassination of King George I in Thessaloniki on 18 March 1913.[103][104] In his will, the late king bequeathed the villa of Mon Repos on Corfu to Prince Andrew.[105][106] When the Second Balkan War broke out against Bulgaria in June 1913, Alice returned to the front, setting up military hospitals in Thessaloniki and Athens.[107] In recognition of her medical service to the sick and wounded, King George V awarded her the Royal Red Cross in November 1913 during a family visit to Britain.[12][108][109] On 26 June 1914, she gave birth to her fourth daughter, Sophie, at Mon Repos.[63][96]

Two days after Sophie's birth, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, igniting World War I.[63][110] The conflict divided Alice's relatives across opposing camps: her Battenberg relatives and her Russian imperial kin supported the Triple Entente, while her uncle Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse and her aunt Princess Irene of Prussia were aligned with the German Empire.[111] Despite remaining neutral in Greece under King Constantine I, Alice acted as an intermediary, maintaining correspondence between her separated family members.[112] She also provided personal financial support to her former colleague Nona Kerr, who was nursing British troops in Rouen.[113]

Political divisions within Greece exploded into the National Schism between King Constantine's policy of armed neutrality and Venizelos's pro-Allied stance, leading to the creation of a rival government in Thessaloniki.[114][115] Prince Andrew was posted to Thessaloniki in September 1915, and Alice made several visits to the city, attempting unsuccessfully to reassure British officers of the King's goodwill.[116][117] On 1 December 1916, during the French naval bombardment of Athens, Alice and her children were forced to shelter in the basements of the royal palace.[118][119][120] She subsequently assisted Queen Sophia in running soup kitchens for the destitute population of Athens.[119] By June 1917, Allied pressure forced King Constantine to abdicate in favor of his second son, Alexander. Andrew, Alice, and their children were forced into exile, joining the rest of the Greek royal family in Switzerland.[121][122][123][124]

Swiss Exile and Dynastic Upheaval

The exiled Greek royals established themselves at the Hôtel National in Saint-Moritz.[125] In September 1917, Alice received British government permission to visit her parents in Britain, staying on the Isle of Wight.[125] There she learned how anti-German sentiment in Britain had affected her family: on 14 July 1917, at King George V's request, her father had relinquished his Hessian titles and the style of Serene Highness, anglicising the family name from Battenberg to Mountbatten.[126][127][128] The following day, he was created Marquess of Milford Haven in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[126] Because Alice had married into the Greek royal family in 1903, she never adopted the surname Mountbatten or the courtesy title of a marquess's daughter.[129][130] She visited her sister Louise in London, her brother George in Edinburgh, and Queen Alexandra at Sandringham, though her eight-week journey sparked suspicions among Greek Venizelist circles.[131][132]

Living quietly in Switzerland, Alice explored spiritualism, esoteric philosophy, automatic writing, and cartomancy alongside her brother-in-law Prince Christopher, reading Édouard Schuré's Les Grands Initiés.[133][134][135] The Russian Revolution brought devastating news: two of her aunts, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918 at Yekaterinburg and Alapayevsk.[136][137][138] Her mother-in-law, Dowager Queen Olga, narrowly escaped Russia alive.[139][140] The end of the war also saw the fall of the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires, and her uncle Ernest Louis was deposed as Grand Duke of Hesse.[136][141] In 1919, Alice organized a reconciliation gathering in Switzerland between her British and German relatives, healing the wartime rift within the Hesse family.[142]

Restoration and the Trial of the Six

In October 1920, young King Alexander of Greece died of sepsis following an unexpected bite from a domestic monkey at Tatoi.[143][144] The subsequent electoral defeat of Venizelos and a national plebiscite led to the restoration of King Constantine I in December 1920.[145][146] Alice and Andrew returned to Corfu, taking up residence at Mon Repos.[147][148][149] During this period, Alice spent time comforting Aspasia Manos, Alexander's pregnant widow, staying with her until the birth of Princess Alexandra in March 1921.[150] On 10 June 1921, Alice gave birth to her only son, Prince Philip, on a dining table at Mon Repos.[64][151] Three months later, in September 1921, her father died in London at age 67, and she traveled to Britain for his funeral.[152][153]

Meanwhile, the Greco-Turkish War escalated in Asia Minor. Andrew was recalled to active duty and given command of the II Army Corps during the Battle of the Sakarya.[150][154][155] Andrew clashed with the commander-in-chief, General Anastasios Papoulas, over strategic maneuvers, leading to fierce disputes and a reprimand from army headquarters.[155][156][157][158] In March 1922, Andrew was transferred to command the V Army Corps in Epirus and the Ionian Islands.[153][159][160] In July 1922, Alice traveled to London with her children to attend the lavish wedding of her brother Louis Mountbatten to the wealthy heiress Edwina Ashley, returning to Greece in September to find the military situation collapsing into total disaster.[161][162][163]

Following the rout of the Hellenic Army in Anatolia and the Smyrna disaster, a military uprising led by Colonels Nikolaos Plastiras and Stylianos Gonatas seized power in September 1922.[147][164] King Constantine I was forced to abdicate a second time in favor of his eldest son, George II, and went into exile in Sicily.[147][164][165] In late October 1922, Prince Andrew was arrested at Corfu and transported to Athens to stand trial in what became known as the Trial of the Six.[154][166][167] Six senior political and military figures, including former Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris and former commander-in-chief Georgios Hatzianestis, were convicted of treason and executed by firing squad on 15 November 1922.[167]

Prince Andrew was tried by the same court a few days later, charged with disobeying orders and acting on his own initiative.[154][168] British diplomats, believing he was in immediate mortal danger, intervened energetically on his behalf.[154][169] The court found Andrew guilty, but treated his complete lack of military experience as an extenuating circumstance and, instead of execution, sentenced him to lifelong exile from Greece.[154][168][169][170] Under the protection of British naval attaché Commander Gerald Talbot, Andrew, Alice, and their children were evacuated from Greece aboard the British cruiser HMS Calypso on 3 December 1922.[154][170][171][172] The eighteen-month-old Prince Philip was carried aboard in an improvised cot fashioned from an orange crate.[173][174][175][176][177]

Exile in France and Political Schemes

The family reached Brindisi on 6 December 1922, arrived in Paris on 8 December, and subsequently traveled to Britain, where King George V received Prince Andrew at Buckingham Palace to hear his expressions of gratitude for the British intervention.[178][179][180][181] Returning to France in early 1923, the family settled in Saint-Cloud on the outskirts of Paris, occupying a house at 5 rue du Mont-Valérien loaned to them by Princess George of Greece (the wealthy psychoanalyst Princess Marie Bonaparte).[182][183] In early 1923, Alice and Andrew toured the United States and Quebec at the invitation of Prince Christopher and his wealthy American wife, Nancy Stewart, attending memorial services for the late King Constantine I.[183][184][185]

On 25 March 1924, Greece was proclaimed a republic, cementing the exile of the dynasty.[186] Financially straitened, the family relied heavily on subsidies provided by their affluent relations: Nancy Stewart, Marie Bonaparte, and Edwina Ashley.[187][188][189] Despite this assistance, the household was frequently troubled by unpaid bills and financial strain.[190][191] Seeking to assist Greek refugees from the Asia Minor disaster, Alice opened a charity shop on the Faubourg Saint-Honoré in Paris, selling traditional Greek embroidery, rugs, and crafts.[182][190][192] In 1928 and 1929, with the assistance of her lady-in-waiting, Virginia Simopoulou, Alice translated into English Prince Andrew's memoirs defending his military actions in Anatolia, published in 1930 under the title Towards Disaster.[193][194][195]

Alice followed Greek politics with intense interest, and by 1927 conceived an ambitious diplomatic initiative that her brother Louis Mountbatten jokingly called 'Alice's royalist plots.'[190] Following discussions with American diplomat Norman Davis, she proposed that Prince Andrew be elected President of the Hellenic Republic for a four-year transitional term, after which a referendum would decide the restoration of the monarchy.[192][196] In her view, the Greek political factions would unite behind Andrew in exchange for a massive international loan to stabilize the economy.[192][196] To lobby for this concept, Alice traveled to meet prominent international figures, including League of Nations Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond, King George V, and British Ambassador to Paris Lord Crewe, though her project found no real diplomatic support.[192][196]

Religious Conversion and Psychiatric Crisis

While outwardly united, the couple's marriage suffered significant strain during their French exile. In 1925, Alice fell in love with another man, without being unfaithful to her husband; according to her lady-in-waiting Virginia Simopoulou, the mental exhaustion Alice later showed was possibly due to her love for an Englishman.[197][198] Prince Andrew subsequently began an extramarital affair with a French actress known as the Countess Andrée de La Bigne, gradually drifting away from his domestic responsibilities.[199][200][201] Seeking solace, Alice turned toward intense religious contemplation and mysticism, reading works by the philosopher Count Hermann von Keyserling, whom she had encountered through her uncle Ernest Louis.[202][203][204] On 20 October 1928, two weeks after her silver wedding anniversary, she was formally received into the Greek Orthodox Church.[12][205][206][207]

Beginning in May 1929, Alice's spiritual state turned into acute religious mania. She began asserting that she was in direct communication with Jesus Christ and the Buddha, claimed to receive divine revelations, and believed she possessed supernatural healing powers.[208][209][210][211][212] She also claimed that spirits were guiding her in finding suitable husbands for her daughters.[213] Her mental condition deteriorated rapidly, culminating in a severe nervous breakdown in early 1930.[214][215] Her mother, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, rushed to Saint-Cloud in January 1930 to care for her.[216] Alice was examined by Dr. Thomas Ross, a psychiatrist specializing in shell shock, and Sir Maurice Craig, who had treated King George VI for psychological anxiety.[209][214]

Following a recommendation by Princess Marie Bonaparte, Alice was sent to Dr. Ernst Simmel's psychoanalytic sanatorium in Tegel, Berlin, where paranoid schizophrenia was diagnosed.[209][217][218][219] Simmel and Dr. Ludwig Binswanger consulted Sigmund Freud regarding Alice's condition.[209] Freud concluded that her religious delusions were the product of intense sexual frustration and recommended subjecting her ovaries to X-ray irradiation in an effort to accelerate menopause and extinguish her libido.[175][176][177][209][214][219] Alice was subjected to this procedure, but after eight weeks of treatment she left Berlin against Simmel's advice, returning to Saint-Cloud in April 1930.[219][220]

Because Alice continued to insist on her divine communications and mystical bridehood with Christ, Andrew and the Dowager Marchioness determined that institutionalization was necessary.[220] Taking advantage of a family gathering in Darmstadt for the engagement of Cecilie to Georg Donatus of Hesse, Alice was taken under sedation to Switzerland on 2 May 1930.[221][222] She was committed against her will to the Bellevue Sanatorium in Kreuzlingen, directed by Dr. Ludwig Binswanger.[222][223][224] Kreuzlingen was a prestigious clinic whose patients included the celebrated ballet dancer and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky.[225][226] Alice vehemently maintained her sanity, protested the treatments, and made multiple unsuccessful attempts to escape from the facility.[209][214][227]

Wandering Years and Family Reconciliation

Alice remained confined at Kreuzlingen for over two years, receiving visits from her mother and siblings, but only a single visit from Andrew, from whom she was now permanently estranged.[228][229] While she was in the sanatorium, her four daughters all married German princes in 1930 and 1931: Sophie married Prince Christoph of Hesse, Cecilie married Georg Donatus of Hesse, Margarita married Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and Theodora married Berthold, Margrave of Baden.[230][231] Alice was unable to attend any of the weddings.[230] Prince Andrew moved to the south of France with his mistress, while nine-year-old Prince Philip was sent to England to be raised by his grandmother and his maternal uncles, George, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, and Lord Louis Mountbatten.[230][231][232][233]

In response to Alice's unhappiness at Kreuzlingen, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven arranged her transfer on 23 September 1932 to the Martinsbrunn sanatorium in Merano, northern Italy, upon the recommendation of Queen Elena of Italy.[234][235] Her condition improved rapidly in Merano, and she was discharged in January 1933.[236][237] Convinced that her relatives had betrayed her, Alice broke off all ties with her family except her mother.[238][239][240] She embarked on an incognito, itinerant existence across Central Europe, residing in Nervi, Turin, Basel, Mainz, and Bad Kreuznach.[237][240][241] During her time in Italy and Germany, she took an active interest in Esperanto, subscribing to the periodical Heroldo de Esperanto under the name 'Sinjorino Alico' and hiring an Esperanto-speaking companion through the Esperantist publisher Teo Jung.

In November 1936, Alice settled in the Cologne area with the family of Reinhold Markwitz, a former attorney and Social Democratic Party member with whom she struck up a warm friendship.[241][242] This supportive domestic environment helped stabilize her emotional life, prompting her to initiate contact with her children.[243] In early 1937, she had lunch in Bonn with Cecilie and Philip, her first meeting with her son since 1932.[244][245] Later that year, she visited Theodora at Schloss Kirchberg, Margarita and Cecilie at Schloss Salem, and Sophie in Berlin.[246][247] In October 1937, she attended the funeral of her uncle Grand Duke Ernest Louis in Darmstadt, reuniting with her siblings George and Louise.[248]

A month later, tragedy struck the family. On 16 November 1937, her heavily pregnant daughter Cecilie, her son-in-law Georg Donatus, their young sons Ludwig and Alexander, and Georg's mother were all killed when their Sabena Junkers Ju 52 airliner crashed into a factory chimney in dense fog near Ostend, Belgium.[249][250] Cecilie was eight months pregnant at the time, and the remains of an infant were found among the wreckage.[251][252] At the funeral in Darmstadt, Alice met Prince Andrew for the first time in six years; Lord Louis Mountbatten, Prince Philip, and senior German officials including Hermann Göring also attended.[249][253][254] Family members observed that the shock of Cecilie's death appeared to permanently dissipate Alice's remaining mystical delusions, leaving her fully lucid.[255]

Resettlement in Athens

Following Cecilie's funeral, Alice spent several weeks in Sweden with her sister Louise, then visited Britain to attend her mother's birthday and the funeral of her brother George, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, who died of cancer in April 1938.[256][257] With George's passing, custody and guardianship of young Philip transferred entirely to Lord Louis Mountbatten.[258] In London, Alice engaged in charitable work assisting white Russian emigrés.[259] Following the restoration of King George II in 1935 and the lifting of Prince Andrew's banishment, Alice resolved to establish a permanent residence in Greece to work among the underprivileged and offer a stable home for Philip.[259][260][261][262]

In November 1938, Alice returned to Athens alone, moving into a modest two-bedroom apartment at 8 Coumbari Street, across from the Benaki Museum.[200][260][261] Because Andrew provided no financial maintenance, she lived largely on an allowance provided by her wealthy sister-in-law, Edwina Mountbatten.[258] She hoped Philip might join her in Athens and enter the Royal Hellenic Navy, but Philip remained committed to his naval education in Britain, entering the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, under the mentorship of Lord Mountbatten.[263][264] In early 1939, she suffered another bereavement when Cecilie's surviving daughter, Princess Johanna, died of meningitis at the age of two.[265] After visiting Germany, France, and Britain during the summer of 1939, Alice returned to Athens immediately before the outbreak of World War II.[266]

World War II and the Axis Occupation

The outbreak of World War II placed Alice in an agonizing family divide: her son Philip was an officer in the British Royal Navy, while her sons-in-law served in the German armed forces.[267][268] Prince Christoph of Hesse was a member of the Nazi Party and the Waffen-SS, Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg served as an army intelligence officer on the Eastern Front, and Berthold, Margrave of Baden, served in the Wehrmacht until being invalided out after an injury in France in 1940.[269][270] Her cousin Prince Victor zu Erbach-Schönberg served as the German ambassador in Athens until the Axis invasion.[271][272] In October and November 1939, Prince Andrew made his final visit to Athens, where Alice saw him for the last time before he became stranded in France following the German invasion of 1940.[272]

Following the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940 and the German blitzkrieg of April 1941, Axis troops occupied the country.[273][274][275] While King George II and the Greek royal family evacuated to Crete and onward to Egypt and South Africa, Alice and her sister-in-law Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (Princess Nicholas of Greece) chose to remain in Athens.[267][276][277] Alice moved from her flat into her brother-in-law Prince George's three-storey house on the Rue de l'Académie.[269][278] The winter of 1941–1942 brought famine to Greece. Alice worked tirelessly for the Red Cross, organizing soup kitchens for the starving populace, establishing two orphanages for abandoned children, and setting up home-care nursing circuits in impoverished Athens districts.[269][278][279][280] Throwing herself into relief efforts, she suffered from extreme malnutrition and lost 26 kilograms (57 lb) during the first winter of occupation.[278][281][282][283]

In May 1942, Alice secured travel permits from German authorities to visit her sister Crown Princess Louise in Sweden, using the trip as a cover to smuggle medical supplies back into occupied Greece.[269][284][285] During transit stops in Berlin, she visited her daughters, but she remained staunchly anti-Nazi.[286] When a high-ranking German general visited her in Athens and asked politely whether there was anything he could do for her, Alice stared at him and replied: 'You can take your troops out of my country.'[269][278][287]

In January 1944, Alice traveled to Germany to support her daughter Sophie, whose husband Prince Christoph had died in an airplane crash in Italy in October 1943, leaving Sophie alone and expectant.[288] Alice was very worried for Sophie, whose brother-in-law and sister-in-law had recently been arrested on Adolf Hitler's orders.[288] Alice stayed at Friedrichshof Castle in Hesse until April 1944, when she returned to Athens.[288]

Sheltering the Cohen Family

Following the Italian armistice and the fall of Benito Mussolini in September 1943, the German army seized control of Athens from the Italians, initiating direct Gestapo persecutions against the capital's Jewish community.[289] Of Greece's pre-war Jewish population of 75,000, approximately 60,000 were deported to Nazi extermination camps, where all but 2,000 were murdered.[289][290][291] In October 1943, Alice sheltered Rachel Cohen, the widow of former Member of Parliament Haimaki Cohen, along with two of her five children, Tilde and Michel, hiding them on the top floor of her residence on Rue de l'Académie.[292][293][294][295]

The Cohen family had a longstanding connection to the Greek crown: in 1913, Haimaki Cohen had offered sanctuary and financial support to King George I during unrest in Thessaly, and in gratitude, the King had promised that the royal house would provide assistance to Cohen's descendants if they were ever in mortal danger.[292][293][296] During the Nazi threat, Cohen's son recalled the pledge and appealed to Alice, who, with Princess Nicholas, was one of only two members of the Greek royal family still in Greece.[292][293] Alice honoured her father-in-law's royal promise and concealed the Cohens for thirteen months.[292][293] When the Gestapo questioned Alice, she used her deafness as a pretext to avoid answering their questions.[175][176][177][282][283][297]

Liberation and Civil Conflict

When Athens was liberated by British forces in October 1944, Harold Macmillan, then British minister resident in the Mediterranean, paid a visit to Alice and observed that she was 'living in humble, not to say somewhat squalid conditions.'[298][299][300] Alice admitted to Macmillan that while she had bread, she had no reserves of sugar, tea, coffee, or rice, and had not eaten meat for several months.[299][301][302][303] When Macmillan sent rations to her residence, her famished domestic staff burst into tears of relief.[302]

Liberation brought no peace to Athens. In December 1944, heavy fighting erupted in the Dekemvriana clashes between communist ELAS guerrillas and British forces under General Ronald Scobie.[304][305][306] While battles raged across the city, Alice received word that Prince Andrew had died of heart failure and arteriosclerosis in Monaco on 3 December 1944, ending lingering hopes of a post-war reunion.[307][308][309][310] During the urban combat, Alice defied British military curfew orders to walk the streets distributing meals and medical supplies to policemen and children.[304][311][312][313] When British Major Gerald Green warned her that she risked being struck down by a stray bullet, she replied: 'They tell me that you don't hear the shot that kills you and in any case I am deaf. So, why worry about that?'[304][312][313][314]

Post-War Years and Royal Weddings

In February 1945, Alice traveled to London to visit her mother and begin settling the estate of Prince Andrew, which was completed in 1947.[315][316][317] While in Britain, she discussed the future of Prince Philip, whom Lord Mountbatten was actively encouraging to marry Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to King George VI.[318][319] In April 1946, her daughter Sophie remarried, wedding Prince George William of Hanover in Salem; Alice chose not to attend, harboring deep anti-German sentiment in the immediate aftermath of the war.[320][321]

On 28 February 1947, Philip relinquished his Greek and Danish royal titles, took British citizenship under the surname Mountbatten, and officially announced his engagement to Princess Elizabeth on 9 July 1947.[322][323][324] For Elizabeth's engagement ring and a wedding bracelet, Alice dismantled one of her remaining diamond and aquamarine tiaras, given to her by Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra in 1903, to provide the gemstones.[325][326][327] At the royal wedding at Westminster Abbey on 20 November 1947, Alice sat opposite the British royal family at the head of the groom's side.[328] Philip's four sisters were pointedly omitted from the guest list because of strong anti-German feeling in Britain.[328][329][330][331]

To console her daughters for their exclusion, Alice hosted them and their children in Athens in 1948.[332] She lived on a small pension granted to her by the Greek army as the widow of a major general, combined with monthly allowances sent by Edwina Mountbatten and her sister Louise.[333] However, Alice habitually gave away her income and possessions to the poor and religious causes, leading to recurring financial emergencies.[334] To ensure she had permanent housing, Prince Philip purchased a flat for her at 61 Patriarchou Ioakeim Street in the Kolonaki district of Athens.[334][335]

The Christian Sisterhood of Martha and Mary

In March 1948, Alice moved to the Aegean island of Tinos, a Marian pilgrimage site.[336] On 17 July 1948, she formally notified her family that she was 'withdrawing from the world' to establish an Orthodox nursing order, the Christian Sisterhood of Martha and Mary, patterned after the Moscow community founded in 1909 by her aunt, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna.[337][338][339] Her conception called for training dedicated young women to take monastic vows while serving in the community as mobile nurses and social workers rather than enclosed contemplatives.[340] She consulted with the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in December 1948 to study diaconal work, and went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1949, visiting the Convent of Saint Mary Magdalene where her cousin Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia was serving as Mother Tamara.[341]

Alice designed the order's religious habit herself, adopting a two-tone grey habit with a white wimple, which she wore for the rest of her life.[342] Her monastic vocation perplexed her family; her mother famously remarked: 'What can you say of a nun who smokes and plays canasta?'[337][343][344] When her disciples on Tinos drifted away during her absences, Alice relocated the motherhouse to a rural property in Neo Iraklio, north of Athens.[345][346] At the request of Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, she visited the United States in March 1950 to explore opening a sisterhood in New York, and returned in January 1952 on a speaking and fundraising tour.[347][348] The funds enabled her sisterhood to open dispensaries and small clinics on several Aegean islands, but the order ultimately foundered due to a shortage of committed postulants and Alice's frequent travels, being quietly dissolved in 1959.[342][349][350][351]

Royal Duties and Travels in the 1950s and 1960s

In September 1950, Alice's mother, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, died at Kensington Palace.[352][353] Two months later, her sister Louise became Queen of Sweden upon the accession of King Gustaf VI Adolf.[354] In February 1952, King George VI died and Elizabeth II acceded to the throne.[348] Alice attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, dressed in her grey monastic habit and wimple, accompanied by her daughters and German sons-in-law.[342][353][355][356] While appreciating the occasion, Alice felt deep concern for Prince Philip, whose promising career as an officer in the Royal Navy was ended by his responsibilities as royal consort.[357]

In 1954, Alice participated in the 'Cruise of the Kings' through the Aegean, organised by Queen Frederica of Greece, but her personal relationship with Frederica was strained.[358][359] When Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna died in 1957, Alice felt excluded by the Greek court during her sister-in-law's final illness, prompting a temporary break in relations until Frederica apologized in 1958.[360][361] As her family expanded, Alice became grandmother to twenty grandchildren born between 1932 and 1964; in 1960, Philip and Elizabeth named their second son Andrew in honour of her late husband.[362][363] In 1957, she became a great-grandmother for the first time upon the birth of Princess Tatiana of Yugoslavia.

In January 1960, Alice traveled to India at the invitation of Indian Health Minister Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, an admirer of her interest in Indian spiritual philosophy.[364][365][366] However, the journey was cut short when Alice fell abruptly ill; she later asserted that she had experienced an out-of-body event.[364][366][367][368] Her sister-in-law Edwina Mountbatten, who was visiting Delhi at the same time, smoothed over diplomatic complications caused by Alice's sudden departure, shortly before Edwina herself died in North Borneo the following month.[364][366][367] In 1961 and 1965, Alice visited Bahrain to see her close friend Major Gerald Green, quietly celebrating her eightieth birthday there in 1965.[369][370] She also attended family gatherings, including the wedding of Princess Sophia of Greece to Infante Juan Carlos of Spain and, in Athens, the 1964 wedding of King Constantine II to Anne-Marie of Denmark.[371][372]

Final Exile and Life at Buckingham Palace

The final years of Alice's life were clouded by family losses: she was deeply shaken by the deaths of her sister Queen Louise in 1965, her son-in-law Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in 1960, and Berthold, Margrave of Baden, in 1963.[335][373][374][375] On 21 April 1967, a right-wing military coup d'état established the Regime of the Colonels in Greece.[376][377][378] Alice sought safety in the royal palace in Athens before returning to her Kolonaki apartment.[379] Concerned for her security as her health and hearing worsened, her daughters visited Athens to persuade her to leave, but she agreed only after receiving an urgent personal invitation from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip.[12][378][380][381]

Alice moved permanently to London in May 1967, taking up residence in a comfortable two-room apartment on the second floor of Buckingham Palace.[12][381][382] Following King Constantine II's abortive counter-coup on 13 December 1967, the Greek king and Queen Anne-Marie also fled into exile.[383][384][385][386] At Buckingham Palace, Alice led a quiet, discreet routine, enjoying visits from her son, daughter-in-law, and grandchildren, especially Prince Charles and Princess Anne.[387][388] She was an inveterate smoker of Woodbine cigarettes and was frequently seen wandering the palace corridors in her monastic robes, leaving a trail of cigarette smoke.[297][389] In September 1967, she spent several weeks hospitalized with heart and liver ailments, leaving her physically frail though completely lucid.[385][390][391]

In October 1969, Alice was devastated by the death of her second daughter, Theodora, who died in a clinic in Constance.[392] Following Theodora's passing, Alice expressed a wish to die, grew resistant to medical treatment, and deteriorated rapidly.[393] She died peacefully in her sleep at Buckingham Palace on the morning of 5 December 1969, at the age of 84.[378][393][394][395] Having given away all her jewelry, funds, and possessions to charitable causes during her lifetime, she left no financial estate.[396][397]

Burial and Transfer to Jerusalem

A funeral service was held on 10 December 1969 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, co-officiated by the Anglican Dean of Windsor, Robin Woods, and Archimandrite Gregorios Theocharous of the Greek Orthodox Church.[396][398][399] The service was attended by Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, King Constantine II of Greece, the Count of Barcelona, and over forty representatives of European royal houses.[398][399] Her body was placed in the Royal Vault beneath the chapel, though Alice had explicitly requested to be buried alongside her aunt Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna at the Convent of Saint Mary Magdalene in Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.[378][396][400][401][402] When her daughter Sophie had protested during her lifetime that Jerusalem was too distant for family visits, Alice had remarked: 'Nonsense, there's a perfectly good bus service!'[399][400]

Protracted diplomatic negotiations between the British royal family, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, and Israeli authorities were required before Alice's final wishes could be realized.[401][403] On 3 August 1988, her remains were flown to Israel and reinterred in a crypt beneath the Church of Mary Magdalene on the Mount of Olives, in a ceremony attended by her relatives and the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.[402][404][405][406]

Posthumous Honours and Legacy

When Alice's reinterment in Jerusalem became known to the public, the surviving members of the Cohen family stepped forward to give formal testimony regarding how she had saved them from the Gestapo.[407][408] On 11 April 1993, Yad Vashem conferred upon Princess Alice the title of Righteous Among the Nations.[283][407][409][410] On 31 October 1994, her two surviving children, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Sophie of Hanover, traveled to Yad Vashem in Jerusalem to accept the medal and plant a memorial maple tree in her honour in the Garden of the Righteous.[407][411][412][413][414][415] Prince Philip remarked during the ceremony: 'I suspect that it never occurred to her that her action was in any way special. She was a person with a deep religious faith, and she would have considered it to be a perfectly natural human reaction to fellow beings in distress.'[283][413][416][417][418][419] In 2010, the British government posthumously honored her as a British Hero of the Holocaust.[420][421][422][423]

Princess Alice's life has been depicted in television and historical drama. In the Netflix television drama series The Crown, she was portrayed in different stages of life by Rosalind Knight, Sophie Leigh Stone, and Jane Lapotaire, with a season 3 episode entitled 'Bubbikins' centering on her relationship with Prince Philip and her stay at Buckingham Palace.[424][425][426][427][428] Her life has also been explored in biographical documentaries, including The Queen's Mother in Law (2012) and Princess Alice: The Royals' Greatest Secret (2020), as well as historical fiction such as Allison Montclair's 2020 novel A Royal Affair.[429][430][431]

Where editions disagree (3)
Year of death in Serbian text
  • Serbian: Princess Alice died on 5 December 1963 in one sentence of the text, while the lead and infobox give 1969
  • English: Princess Alice died on 5 December 1969
  • French: Princess Alice died on 5 December 1969
Date of conversion to the Greek Orthodox Church
  • Russian: Alice converted to Greek Orthodoxy on 20 October 1920
  • English: Alice converted to the Greek Orthodox Church in October 1928
  • French: Alice converted to the Greek Orthodox Church on 20 October 1928
Date of reburial in Jerusalem
  • Portuguese: Her remains were transferred to Jerusalem on 8 August 1988 in one sentence, while the infobox notes 3 August 1988
  • English: Her remains were transferred on 3 August 1988
  • French: Her remains were transferred on 3 August 1988
Sources (48 Wikipedia editions)

The non-English editions provide substantial additional historical information beyond the English article. The French edition offers exhaustive detail on Alice's early childhood medical evaluations, her rebellious encounters with Queen Victoria, her post-1909 philanthropic founding of an embroidery school, and her 1927 political scheme to install Prince Andrew as President of Greece. Furthermore, the French, Italian, and German editions elaborate on the clinical roles of Ernst Simmel, Sigmund Freud, and Ludwig Binswanger, including Freud's ovarian X-ray treatment, while the Esperanto edition details Alice's use of Esperanto and her subscription to Heroldo de Esperanto while living in Germany.

Assembled from the Wikipedia articles below, each pinned to the revision read on 2026-09-25. Together they hold 923 references; the English article alone has 84.

EditionArticleRevisionSizeRefs
EnglishPrincess Alice of Battenberg136679454637.5 KB84
FrenchAlice de Battenberg237088163125.1 KB12
Persianشاهدخت آلیس باتنبرگ4443802787.4 KB126
Arabicأليس أميرة باتنبرغ7638339462.9 KB75
RussianАлиса Баттенберг14638632360.4 KB22
Hebrewאליס, נסיכת באטנברג4306146756.6 KB27
UkrainianАліса фон Баттенберг4790133955.1 KB72
SerbianАлиса од Батенберга3088239654.6 KB83
GreekΑλίκη του Μπάττενμπεργκ1162955244.7 KB15
SpanishAlicia de Battenberg17540963640.5 KB82
PortugueseAlice de Battenberg7298016335.5 KB72
Georgianალისა ბატენბერგელი492240127.7 KB0
ItalianAlice di Battenberg15223483325.7 KB48
VietnameseAlice xứ Battenberg7535434219.9 KB37
CzechAlice z Battenbergu2604987018.2 KB0
Thaiเจ้าหญิงอลิซแห่งบัทเทินแบร์ค1328515615.9 KB1
Japaneseアリス・オブ・バッテンバーグ11107284415.8 KB3
HausaGimbiya Alice na Battenberg48010915.3 KB32
Korean바텐베르크 공녀 앨리스4178308615.1 KB5
HungarianAliz battenbergi hercegnő2825721314.3 KB2
MalayPuteri Alice dari Battenberg604239313.3 KB17
GermanAlice von Battenberg26965889613.1 KB11
BulgarianАлис Батенберг1276253812.7 KB1
FinnishBattenbergin prinsessa Alice2407837112.1 KB19
EstonianBattenbergi printsess Alice635769310.0 KB25
RomanianPrințesa Alice de Battenberg160717419.9 KB9
Tamilபாட்டன்பேர்க்கின் இளவரசி அலிஸ்40011659.5 KB6
ArmenianԱլիսա Բատենբերգ104968718.7 KB1
PolishAlicja Battenberg791884117.0 KB8
SwedishAlice av Battenberg591397826.9 KB1
DutchAlice van Battenberg699309766.8 KB1
DanishAlice af Battenberg123172035.1 KB6
TurkishAlice (Battenberg prensesi)377932004.9 KB3
CatalanAlícia de Battenberg386382054.7 KB1
ScotsPrincess Alice o Battenberg9104644.4 KB6
Chinese巴滕貝格的愛麗絲公主937403644.2 KB1
AzerbaijaniAlisa Battenberq91148654.2 KB0
simplePrincess Alice of Battenberg109933063.6 KB1
NorwegianAlice av Battenberg258675103.4 KB6
AfrikaansPrinses Alice van Battenberg29429333.2 KB0
EsperantoAlice de Battenberg85776502.8 KB0
Sinhalaබැටන්බර්ග්හි ඇලිස් කුමරිය5685702.3 KB0
IndonesianAlice, Putri Andrew dari Yunani dan Denmark289222651.8 KB0
Urduباٹن برگ کی شہزادی ایلس101784241.5 KB1
BasqueAlizia Battenbergekoa98280431.3 KB0
Old EnglishÆþelhād, Æþelingen Battesbeorge2269711.2 KB0
LatinAlicia de Battenberg33584191.1 KB1
Egyptian Arabicاليس اميره باتنبرج93886000.8 KB0
The text on this page comes from the Wikipedia articles listed above, written by their contributors, and is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence. It was translated and merged from those articles, may contain errors, and has not been reviewed by Wikipedia editors. The image is from Wikimedia Commons; its own licence is on its file page. SuperCharged Wiki is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Wikimedia Foundation. How this works.

References

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  58. La Capilla Rusa era una posesión personal del zar Nicolás II de Rusia y de su esposa la zarina Alejandra Fiódorovna (Alix de Hesse-Darmstadt), tía materna de Alicia. Fue construida entre 1897 y 1899, con dinero personal de la pareja imperial rusa, para ser usada durante sus visitas a Darmstadt. Fuente: Seide, Georg (1997). Die Russische Orthodoxe Kirche der Hl. Maria Magdalena auf der Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt (en alemán). Múnich: Russische Orthodoxe Kirche im Ausland. p. 2. ISBN 3-926165-73-1.
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